PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds EXAMPLES OF NON-PARASITIC PROBLEMS Mushroom Agrios 2005 Bodman 1996 Brown & Ogle 1997 Do not confuse deficiencies or toxicities with pesticide injury Symptoms of chemical damage vary from sluggish growth to severe leaf burn or yellowing (leaf burn at too high dose) TYPE EXAMPLES PLANTS AFFECTED (not exhaustive) LIVING AGENTS Animals (trampling, etc) Birds Crops Flowers Dog and cat urine Fairy rings Lawns, turf Lawns, turf, pasture Leafcutting bees Lilac, rose Lichens Mycorrhoza (lack of) Older trees Most plants Slime moulds Turfgrass, vegetables Soldier beetles Sooty mould Flowers Native plants, citrus Vandalism (children, adults) Wide range NON-LIVING AGENTS ENVIRONMENT Temperature (low & high temperatures) Moisture (low & high soil moisture low relative humidity) Inadequate oxygen Insufficient light Soil structure Wind NUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES & TOXICITIES Major nutrients trace elements Frost Cool temperatures Sunscorch Drought injury Fruit cracking Oedema Waterlogging, poor drainage Lawn compaction Black heart Etiolation Lack of flowering Forked roots Shallow roots Compaction Soil gradient changes Stressed plants Mechanical injury Wind erosion, sandblasting Iron deficiency Magnesium deficiency/excess Nitrogen deficiency Nitrogen drawdown Phosphorus toxicity Salt toxicity, Mn & Zn toxicity Over-fertilizing Cadmium/Zinc toxicities Leaves, flowers, fruit, seeds Tomato not ripening Leaves, flowers, fruit, trunks and limbs of trees Almost any plant Tomato, grape, plum Camellia Almost any plant Turf, roots under paths Potato (high temperatures) Seedlings Many plants Carrots Trees Turf Many species Trees blown over Emerging crops, esp. dicots Azalea, citrus Shrubs, citrus, rose Citrus, daphne Some native plants Native trees, shrubs, turf Especially young plants Many plant species Contamination of vegetables ACIDITY Acid mat, 50% of the grains cropping area affected Turf, grasses, crops and other acid-sensitive plants SALINITY Widespread across Australia Trees, shrubs, grasses, crops SODICITY Widespread across Australia Trees, shrubs, grasses, crops POLLUTANTS Fertilizers Almost any plant Herbicide injury, eg 2,4-D, MCPA Broadleaved plants Fertilizers Herbicides in pots Pesticides Some plants always sensitive others Insecticide injury, eg sulphur Many plants Plant growth regulators Fruit trees, flower crops Formulations May damage some species Disinfectants Solvents in liquid concentrates Soil pollutants Pesticides Atmospheric pollutants, eg Some plants more sensitive, gases, acid rain, smog, eg lichens ozone Water pollutants MECHANICAL INJURIES GENETIC ABNORMALITIES Chlorine Ethylene (ripening fruit) Rain, hail and snow Root binding Car damage Machinery damage, digging Inappropriate pruning Lawn mowers Support wires Cultivation Fasciation (mutation) Sports (mutation) Rootstock/scion incompatibility Seed variation Varietal degeneration Pesticides, fertilizers in hydroponic systems Plants around pools Flowers, fruit, vegetables Trees, shrubs, fruit Container plants Trunks of trees Trunks/roots of trees, irrigation Trees and shrubs Turf, base of tree trunks Trees, shrubs, vines Crop preparation, weeding Daphne, euonymus Euonymus Lilac (on privet rootstock to minimize suckering) Pea (albino seed) Some rhododendron varieties 390 Non-parasitic pests and diseases
PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds Living agents Fig. 210. Leafcutting bee damage to rose leaves. Bees cut out pieces of leaves with their jaws to make nests. Fig. 211. Sooty mould on an orange leaf. Black fungal hyphae grow on the honeydew secreted by some sap sucking Hemipterous insects, eg aphids, leafhoppers, lerps, soft scales and whiteflies. Sooty mould disfigures plants. If the insects producing the honeydew are controlled the sooty mould will eventually dry out and fall off or can be hosed off leaves. PhotoNSW Dept. of Industry and Investment. Fig. 212. Wood rotting fungus in a container. The mycelium which produces the mushroom grows on uncomposted material in the soil. PhotoCIT, Canberra (P.W.Unger). Fig. 213. Fairy rings in a lawn. The mycelium of the fungus growing on the organic matter in the soil grows in all directions from a central point to form a large invisible circle. Fruiting bodies or form a ring, usually in autumn after the first heavy rains. In addition and height. Bare patches may develop. PhotoCIT, Canberra (P.W.Unger). Fruiting bodies containing spores (x 10) on leaves. Slime moulds on grass leaves (natural size). Female plant Male plant Fig. 214. Slime moulds (Myxomycota). Commonly blackish fruiting bodies (1-2 mm high) appear in late spring or autumn after prolonged wet weather. Slime moulds exist as jelly-like blobs up to several centimeters across which move very slowly feeding on microorganisms and small pieces of plant material in shady damp places. They are only noticed when they move up onto grass or other low lying plants such as strawberries or onions, to produce spores which usually disappear after 2-3 weeks depending on the weather. Fig. 215. Liverworts (Bryophyta) can be a major weed problem in nurseries especially in cool shady areas. They reproduce by both spores and vegetative reproduction. Non-parasitic pests and diseases 391
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Root structure of dock (Rumex spp.)
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