PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds Table 70. Plant growth regulators (PGRs) some examples (contd) FRUIT TYPE THE PRODUCT Ethylene generator SOME USES Read label, obtain advice from company Trade name Active constituent CROPS TREATED EFFECTS ETHEPHON, GALLEON. Cotton, certain fruits, VARIOUS grapevines, sugarcane, ethephon tomato an anti-cholinesterase compound, increases ethylene production in plants Plant growth regulator for crop thinning, loosening or ripening, stimulate flowering, accelerating boll opening, defoliation & pre-conditioning, control mistletoe, anti-lodging in barley Gibberellins (many functions, isolated from higher plants and the fungus Gibberella fujikurai) CYTOLIN gibberellins A4 & A7 + benzyladenine GA, GALA, PROGIBB GA, RALEX, STRETCH, VARIOUS gibberellic acid Red Delicious and Gala apples, cherries Certain varieties of fruit , eg currants, wine grapes, lemons, mandarins, oranges, stone fruits Improves fruit typiness stimulates cell division, enlargement and elongation enhanced, more pronounced calyx lobes, selectively thins some apple varieties, promotes lateral growth Plant growth regulator promote desirable harvest effects (stretch bunches, reduce bundle density) in wine grapes. Reduction of flowering & fruiting (thinning) in the next cropping season of some fruits. Cytokinins MAXCEL, CYCLEX, VARIOUS benzyladenine often mixed with Gibberlins A4 and A7 (Cytolin) Certain varieties of apples Plant growth regulator reduces fruit set, increases fruit size, & improves firmness of harvested apples Naturally occurring plant growth regulator RETAIN aminoethoxyvinylglycine A BFA REGISTERED PRODUCT certain apple & stone fruit varieties (not cherry) Plant growth regulator can improve harvest management, fruit quality and enhance storage potential Hormone herbicide (phenoxy herbicides COMMERCIAL CITRUS STOP DROP 2,4-D amine Citrus (grapefruit, mandarin, orange). Plant growth regulator reduction of pre-harvest drop and control of colouring of citrus fruit WILLIAM PEAR STOP DROP 2,4-D sodium salt Pears Plant growth regulator reduces premature falling of William pears COTTON OIL SEED POPPIES Quaternary ammonium compound Miscellaneous CYCOCEL, VARIOUS chlormequat chloride CYAN, DORMEX, DUOMAX, VARIOUS cyanamide DPA 310 SCALD INHIBITOR, VARIOUS diphenylamine BIOTHIN, THIN-IT, VARIOUS ammonium thiosulphate ARM0THIN BLOSSOM THINNER alkoxylated fatty alkylamine polymer MEPIQUAT, REWARD mepiquat HARVADE dimethipin SUMAGIC, SUNNY uniconazole-P Currants, wine grapes, wheat Grapefruit, kiwi fruit Apples and pears Certain varieties of plums, & of low chill peaches Certain varieties of plums & peaches Cotton Cotton Oil seed poppies Plant growth regulator increases berry set and yield in wine grapes, increases setting of currants, increase grain yield and prevention of lodging in wheat Promotes uniform bud break in spring increased and earlier than normal bud break Plant growth regulator retards storage scald, in the USA , treated fruit must be labeled Plant growth regulator desiccation of blossoms and reduction in fruit set Plant growth regulator desiccation of blossoms & reduction of fruit set Shortens plant lessens shedding of flowers and bolls which mature earlier and more uniformly Defoliation apply at correct time prior to harvest Reduction in plant height; also the potential increase in crop yield 404 Non-parasitic pests and diseases
PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds Table. 71. Leaf anti-transpirants, soil wetting agents, water storage some examples TYPE THE PRODUCT SOME USES Trade name Active constituent Read label, obtain advice from company FOLIAGE ANTI- TRANSPIRANTS Foliage anti-transpirants may reduce water loss from leaves by up to 50% and protect plants from extremes of drought, heat, sun, frost, wind and salt damage. Often used when transplanting seedlings to allow time for roots to recover. Improves survival rate of cuttings by up to 90 days. As the plant expands the film becomes thinner (fast growing plants may require more frequent applications). Follow label directions for use as some anti-transpirants can be phytotoxic depending on the temperature, plant species, etc. Anti-transpirants have been used as weed control agents. ANTI-STRESS blend of non-toxic soluble polymers suspended in water ENVY carboxylated hydrophilic polymer THERMOMAX composted valerian, dandelion and chamomile herbs Foliar spray on grapes designed to reduce damage to crops when exposed to frost, wind and excessive heat. Used for relief of wilt and water stress, improvement of water use efficiency and protection against fungal diseases, eg rusts, powdery mildews. Sprayed on leaves to prevent water loss, improve survival of transplants and reduce water use while rooting ornamental cuttings. Has provided a better than 50% increase in fruit set (on apples) o over the control at -2 C of frost in NZ. An organic frost spray can increase fruit set on various fruit crops, including o grapes in frosts down to -2 C (Rebbeck and Knell, 2007). DROUGHTSHIELD, STRESSGUARD blend of acrylic polymers plastic). This clear, flexible and biodegradable ’plastic’ film coats the leaves and will expand to some degree with leaf growth and expansion, to reduce transpiration, UV light and frost damage. May be used to extend the life of cut Christmas trees. SOIL WETTING AGENTS Some are called soil penetrants Soil wetting agents may be applied to the surface or mixed into the top few centimeters of soil or potting mixes which have become water repellent. Soil wetting agents overcome the waxy coating of soil particles and allow water to penetrate into the pore spaces between them. They help water penetrate into hard soils. Soil wetting agents decreases surface tension and aids the successful rewetting of soils (Leeson 2009). Wetting agents affect fish and tadpoles so do not use near water. Attributes of a soil wetting agent. Ability to provide good even wetting of the soil both laterally and vertically to prevent preferential flow. Usually impact on water repellency to a depth of 1-2 cm, a very few to 5 cm. Persist in the soil for the maximum time (several years) while being non-toxic and finally breaking down into non-toxic residues, biodegradable. They allow water to rewet soil effectively. – – – Should not cause run off or leaching of nutrients and pesticides from the root zone. – Wetting agents must be designed for use in soil, must be safe to use on plants (some may damage some plants; inhibit seed germination, leaf burn). Soil wetting agents. Does your soil need a soil wetting agent? Is it hydrophobic? Put some soil in a dish, make – a well and pour on some water, if hydrophic it will sit there, if not, the water is quickly absorbed. – Soil wetting agents are not the wetting agents used when applying certain pesticides. – May be applied as liquids or as granules of clay or other inert material impregnated with surfactant. Granules have low burn potential, are expensive, but are easy to apply to garden beds and surrounds, or at turf renovation. – Active constituents. Soil wetting agents are typically polymers, ie most are co-polymers (long lasting but more phytotoxic than some newer types), lubricant poly-oxyalkylene glycols (shorter lasting but less phytotoxic, good soil wetting properties, applied more frequently). – Eco-friendly wetting agents are highly biodegradable so they are short-lived and rewetting is severely diminished so need to be applied more frequently. They are non-phytotoxic. Use one for your situation, eg Aquaforce for turf. ECOWET Mixture of ingredients determined not to be according to the NOHSC (National Occupational Health and Safety Commission). SACOA PERSIST SOIL WETTER polyether modified polysiloxane SEASOL SUPER SOIL WETTER & CONDITIONER active ingredients not stated on label YATES SOIL SATURATOR surfactants, seaweed, acrylic copolymer, trace elements A non-ionic wetter, spreader and penetrant for use with agricultural pesticides. Seasol is an organic plant conditioner. Taken up by the plant, helps improve drought and frost tolerance, improves plant establishment and disease resistance. Non-parasitic pests and diseases 405
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Insect secretions PLANT PROTECTION
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Control methods Cultural methods.
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Root structure of dock (Rumex spp.)
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PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds