PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds

PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds
REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ACTIVITIES
By the end of this topic, you should be able to do
the following:
1. List the distinctive features of viroids,
viruses and phytoplasmas and describe the
features they have in common as well as those
that are different.
2. Explain how viruses are named.
3. Describe symptoms on leaves, flowers,
fruit and stems produced by local virus and
virus-like diseases. Name 1 example of each.
4. Describe how viruses infect host plants and are
distributed within a plant.
5. Explain the following terms: Name 1 example
of each.
Chlorosis
Mosaic
Latent virus
Masked virus
6. Recognize by sight, local virus & virus-like
diseases.
7. Distinguish between leaf symptoms
caused by virus and virus-like diseases from
symptoms caused by other agents on selected
plants, including:
Insect attack
Greenhouse whitefly
Lace bugs
Leafhoppers
Thrips
Twospotted mite
Non-parasitic agents
Deficiencies
Genetic variegation
Pesticide injury
Senescence
8. Describe the following procedures used to
determine the presence of virus in a plant:
Electron microscopy ELISA
Indexing
DNA
9. Describe 4 ways by which viruses ‘overwinter’.
Name 1 example of each.
10. Describe 4 ways by which viruses spread.
Name 1 example of each.
11. Explain the importance of insects in
spreading virus diseases.
12. Why should one not smoke when handling
young tomato plants?
13. Pesticides have limited use in the control of
some virus and virus-like diseases. Explain.
14. Describe conditions which favour some
virus diseases. Name 1 example of each.
15. Describe State/Territory/Commonwealth
legislation which provides for the control of
virus & virus-like diseases.
16. List control methods for virus & virus-like
disease. Describe 1 example of each.
17. Explain the term ‘disease-tested’.
18. Provide the following information for
tomato spotted wilt virus, virus diseases of
roses and other local virus diseases:
Common name
Cause
Host range
Symptoms
Disease cycle
‘Overwintering’
Spread
Conditions favouring
IDM & Control
19. Describe how viruses may be used to control
insect pests. Name 1 example.
20. Prepare/access an IDM. program for a virus or
virus-like disease at your work or in your region.
21. Locate resource material and know where to
obtain advice on the identification and control
of virus and virus-like diseases.
SELECTED REFERENCES
The Australasian Plant Pathology Society (APPSnet)
includes the Plant Virology Working Group
www.australasianplantpathologysociety.org.au/
The American Phytopathology Society (APSnet)
www.apsnet.org/
Nepoviruses and Their Diagnosis in Plants -
www.daff.gov.au/ba/publications/nepoviruses
Qld DPIF 2007.Thrips and Tospovirus: A Management
Guide. avail online
Plant Virus Newsletter, Export controls for pathogens
Fact Sheets by State/Territory Depts of Primary
Industries are available online, eg
Virus Diseases of Carnations
Virus Diseases of Daphne
Quarantine
Commonwealth quarantine www.daff.gov.au/aqis
PaDIL - Pests and Diseases Image Library of diagnostic
photographs and information on more than 1000
pests and more than 100 diseases www.padil.gov,au
Target lists of weeds, insects, plant and animal pests and
diseases. www.daff.gov.au and search for target lists
State websites have information of viruses and quarantine
restrictions in their states
General
Agrios, G. N. 2005. Plant Pathology. 4 th edn. Academic
Press, NY. also 4 th edn 1997.
American Phytopathological Society (APS) Press, St.
Paul, Minnesota produces compendiums on diseases
and pests of particular plants. www.shopapspress.org
Barnett, O. W. and Sherwood, J. L. 2009. (eds). Virus
Diseases of Plants : Image Database Collection CD.
APS Press www.shopapspress.org
Brown, J. F. and Ogle, H. J. (eds). 1997. Plant
Pathogens and Plant Diseases. Rockvale Pub.,
Armidale, NSW.
Brunt, A. A., Crabtree, K., Dallwitz, M. J. and Gibbs, A.
J. 1996. Viruses of Plants. CABI, UK.
Buchen-Osmond, C., Crabtree, K., Gibbs, A. and
McLean, G. (eds). 1988. Viruses of Plants in
Australia. RSBS, ANU, Canberra.
Buczacki, S. and Harris, K. 2005. Pests, Diseases &
Disorders of Garden Plants. 3 rd edn. HarperCollins,
London.
Cooke, T., Persley, D and House, S. (eds). 2009.
Diseases of Fruit Crops in Australia. CSIRO Pub.
Cooper, J. I. 1994. Virus Diseases of Trees and Shrubs.
Chapman & Hall, NY.
Hadidi etc al. 2002. Viroids. USDA. CSIRO Pub.
Horst, R. K. (ed.). 2008. Westcott's Plant Disease
Handbook. 7 th edn. eReference, originally published
by Springer, NY.
Hull, R. 2002. Matthews’ Plant Virology. Academic
Press, NY.
McMaugh, J. 1994. What Garden Pest or Disease is
That? Lansdowne Press, Sydney.
Persley, D. M.,Sharman, M.Thomas, T., Kay, I.
Heisswolf, S. and McMichael, L. 2008. Thrips and
Tospovirus: A Management Guide. Qld DPI,
Brisbane. avail online
Persley, D., Cooke, T. and House, S. 2010. Diseases of
Vegetable Crops in Australia. CSIRO Pub.
Streton, C. and Gibb, K. 2006. Phytoplasma Diseases in
Sub-tropical and Tropical Australia. Australasian Plant
Pathology 35, 129-146.
292 Virus and virus-like diseases