PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds

PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds
WEEDS
BIOLOGY, CLASSIFICATION & IDENTIFICATION 410
No. species in Australia 410
What are weeds? 410
Why are some plants likely to become weeds? 410
Harmful effects of weeds 411
Beneficial effects of weeds 411
Weed identification 412
Classifying weeds 413
Habitat 413
Land use management systems 413
Annuals, biennials, perennials 413
Growth habit, etc 413
Introduced and indigenous weeds 413
Invasive species, naturalized weeds 414
Definitive weed lists 414
Target weeds 414
Emerging or sleeper weeds 414
Noxious weeds 414
Weeds of National Significance (WONS) 415
Environmental weeds 415
Garden escapes 415
Botanical groups 415
List of some species 416
Description of some weed species 419
Dicotyledons (broadleaved weeds) 419
Rosettes 419 Bittercress, cardamine,
Not rosettes 420 flick weed (Cardamine hirsuta)
Small or fine leaves 421
Woody weeds 422
Monocotyledons (narrowleaved weeds) 423
Grass weeds 423
Sedges 425
Reproduction 426
Overwintering, oversummering, the seed bank 426
Spread (dispersal) 427
Conditions favouring 428
INTEGRATED WEED MANAGEMENT (IPM) 429
Control methods 431
Legislation 431
Cultural methods 432
Sanitation 434
Biological control 435
Tolerant, well adapted plant varieties 436
Plant quarantine 436
Weed-tested planting material, soil 437
Physical and mechanical methods 438
Herbicides 439
Resistance 449
Herbicide Mode of Action Groups (Table 72) 450
Other products, plant extracts (Table 73) 454
EXAMPLES OF WEED SITUATIONS 455
Adjuvants (spray additives) 455
Marking systems 456
Post-emergent, pre-emergent, soil residual herbicides 457
Broadleaved weeds 460
Grass weeds 461
Weeds in turf 462
Weeds in flower plantings 463
Weeds in containers 464
Tree suckers 466
Brush and woody weeds 467
Unwanted individual trees 469
Environmental weeds 470
REVIEW QUESTIONS & ACTIVITIES 472
SELECTED REFERENCES 473
Weeds - Biology, classification and identification 409