PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds ORDER DERMAPTERA Earwigs NO. SPECIES IN AUSTRALIA SOME DISTINCTIVE FEATURES More than 60 species. Mainly nocturnal, hiding in crevices or forest litter during the day. The common pest is the introduced European earwig. The name earwig comes from a European myth that these insects had a habit of crawling into human ears. However, the name more likely originated from the ear-shape of the hind wings. www.ento.csiro.au/education/insects/dermaptera.html ADULT Body 1. Small to medium dark coloured elongated insects. 2. Body is somewhat flattened with hard outer covering. 3. Highly distinctive 5-50 cm long. Wings 1. Two pairs of wings 2. Forewings are very short and hardened (tegmina). 3. Hindwings membraneous, ear-shaped and intricately fold under the forewings when not in use. 4. Some species are wingless. Abdomen Terminates in a pair of horny forceps termed ‘cerci’. Usually shape of the cerci varies according to the sex, males curved, females straight with a slight inward pointing tip. Cerci are also used to hold food and carry prey after it has been killed. NYMPHS Similar to adults but smaller and paler, may be wingless. LIFE CYCLE There is a gradual metamorphosis - egg, nymph (several stages) and adult. The life cycle has not been studied in detail in Australia, but it appears that there may be only 1 generation per year. European earwig About 12-20 cm long METHOD OF FEEDING ADULT NYMPH All stages have chewing mouthparts. Some are valuable predators, others are generally omnivorous (feed on all kinds of food). Earwigs are nocturnal feeding at night and sheltering during the day. 186 Insects and allied pests - Dermaptera (earwigs)
PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds PLANT DAMAGE DIRECT CHEWING DAMAGE. Plant damage is caused by both nymphs and adults feeding. Feed on a wide range of living and dead plant and animal matter. Several species have become cosmopolitan and are pests in some areas. LEAVES FLOWERS FRUIT SEEDLINGS SEEDS ROOTS Characteristic chewing damage. INDIRECT DAMAGE. Presence of earwigs on harvested produce is unpleasant. Droppings (pellets of excreta) may make plants unsightly and messy. Also contaminate windrows at harvest time. Potential to become a much worse problem. Prop roots of maize and sorghum damaged so that plants lodge (fall over). Poor crop establishment. LIST OF SOME SPECIES Adults are black and shiny with forceps, probably females and lay eggs the following spring Valuable predators COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME HOST RANGE (not exhaustive) European earwig Introduced pest species Black field earwig Native pest species . Common brown earwig Native species Giant earwig Native species Forficula auricularia 12-20 mm long Nala lividipes About 12 mm long Pest species in Qld and NSW Labidura truncata About 30 mm long Found throughout most of Australia and may be common in backyards Titanolabis colossea Up to 55 mm long Wide range of plants including ornamental flowers, eg dahlias, roses and zinnias are favored ornamental hosts, fruit, vegetables and field crops. May also feed on seedlings, roots, mosses and lichens. European earwigs also feed on foodstuffs, living and dead insects. Usually feeds on decaying material but also eats newly sown and germinating seeds, seedlings, stems, roots, ringbarks stems of crops, eg leucaena, sunflower, summer and winter cereals, azuki beans, beetroot, maize sorghum. Prefers cultivated soil rather than zero till. A large native earwig that prefers to feed on caterpillars both larger and smaller than itself. They may also feed on other insects including other earwigs if hungry enough. Attacks codling moth larvae searching for cocooning sites. One of the world’s largest earwigs lives in the wet forests of the east coast. Giant earwigs feed on organic matter and other insects. Native earwig Gonolabis michaelseni Lack the black body and pincers of the European earwig. Insects and allied pests - Dermaptera (earwigs) 187
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Insect secretions PLANT PROTECTION
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Control methods Cultural methods.
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Root structure of dock (Rumex spp.)
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