PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds NO. SPECIES IN AUSTRALIA SOME DISTINCTIVE FEATURES LIFE CYCLE ORDER THYSANOPTERA Thrips There are more than 5500 species worldwide, but fewer than 100 species are important pests of economic plants. More than 75 species are associated with horticultural and agricultural crops in Australia. www.ento.csiro.au/education/insects/thysanoptera.html Lucid Keys www.lucidcentral.com/ Pest Thrips of the World, ThripsID, AQIS Identification Guide (ThripsID) - Thysanoptera ADULT Body Most species are tiny, up to 1.5 mm in length, some longer. Elongated body rather than spherical. NYMPH Wings Mouth Legs Two pairs of narrow strap-like, approximately equal length wings with fringes of hairs around edges which assist flight, the wing membranes being too small to sustain flight. Some species are wingless. Slightly asymmetrical cone with stylets. Minus claws. It is easy to observe this but you need a microscope. Usually paler in colour than the adults, often transparent. There is a gradual metamorphosis - egg, nymph (several stages) and adult. The larger nymphal stages may be non-feeding, resting pupa-like stages (prepupal and pupal). Parthenogenesis is common (fertilization is not necessary), the female insect produces live young without the necessity of mating). Plague thrips Natural size about 1 mm long Some variations, eg gladiolus thrips, greenhouse thrips METHOD OF FEEDING ADULT NYMPH All stages feed by rasping plant tissue and sucking sap from individual cells on the surface of the plant. Many species feed on fungi, others feed on pollen and a few species prey on small insects and mites. 130 Insects and allied pests - Thysanoptera (Thrips)
PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds PLANT DAMAGE DIRECT RASPING & SUCKING DAMAGE. Damage is caused by both nymphs and adults feeding. Often the injury does not become apparent until the insects responsible have departed. Damage affects appearance of plants and also their ability to photosynthesize. Because damage caused by thrips may be confused with damage caused by mites, or other insects (whiteflies, leafhoppers, or on some hosts, lace bugs), correct identification of thrips is essential LEAVES FLOWERS BUDS FRUIT CORMS Silvering, eg greenhouse thrips, gladiolus thrips, onion thrips Galls, eg various species on wattle, eucalypt Leaf rolling, eg callistemon leafrolling thrips Brown areas, flecking, withering, eg gladiolus thrips, plague thrips, western flower thrips Distortion, eg gladiolus thrips, plague thrips, bean blossom thrips Distortion and twisting, eg plague thrips Prevent fruit or seed set, eg plague thrips Silvered or scarred, eg banana rust thrips Rotting, eg gladiolus thrips INDIRECT DAMAGE. Transmission of virus diseases, eg Western flower thrips transmit tomato spotted wilt virus and impatiens necrotic spot virus. Drops of excreta disfigure leaves, flowers, etc. Consumers complain about thrips on plants. Yield loss and death of young plants. Cause quarantine problems in flowers for export. Settle on white sheets and pale coloured garments hung out to dry. Land on bare skin, causing itching and prickling, trying to get moisture from skin. LIST OF SOME SPECIES Many crops/plants may be affected by several species of thrips, eg strawberry is a host for WFT, plague thrips, onion thrips Silvering of viburnum leaves by greenhouse thrips, dots of excreta. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME HOST RANGE (not exhaustive) Banana flower thrips Thrips hawaiiensis Banana, various flowers Banana rust thrips Chaetanaphothrips Banana, cunjevoi (Alocasia signipennis macrorhiza) and some natives Banana silvering Hercinothrips bicinctus Banana, choko, passion fruit, thrips weeds Bean blossom thrips Megalurothrips usitatis Dwarf French beans, climbing beans, cow pea, weedy vine (Clitoria ternata) Black plague thrips Haplothrips froggatti Grasses Citrus rust thrips, orchid thrips Chaetanaphothrips orchidii Citrus, orchids, glasshouse plants Cocksfoot thrips Chirothrips manicatus Grasses Cuban laurel thrips Gynaikothrips ficorum Ficus microcarpa var. hillii (a leafrolling thrips) Dandelion thrips Ceratothrips frici Dandelion flowers Eucalypt thrips Thrips australis Flowers of eucalypts, Myrtaceae (thought to feed on nectar) Australothrips bicolor Leaves of eucalypts, other plants Gall thrips Phaeothripidae Syzygium, casuarina, wattles (Acacia aneurus, A. pendula) Gladiolus thrips Thrips simplex Gladiolus, iris, arum lily, torch lily, 'red-hot' poker, tiger flower, carnations Goldtipped tubular Haplothrips gowdeyi Commonly found in flowers thrips Gorse thrips Odontothripiella australis Polyphagous, lupins, etc Grain thrips Limothrips cerealium Cereals, especially wheat Greenhouse thrips Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Foliage of azalea, persimmon, Resurgence in some parts of the world citrus, guava, house plants etc Insects and allied pests - Thysanoptera (Thrips) 131
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Insect secretions PLANT PROTECTION
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Control methods Cultural methods.
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Root structure of dock (Rumex spp.)
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