PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds INSECTICIDE APPLICATIONS. New equipment and improved methods for delivery of insecticides are continually being developed. INSECTICIDES MAY BE USED TO TREAT Bulbs, corns FORMULATIONS ALL PLANT PARTS, eg Foliage and stems Trunks and limbs Flowers, fruit and seeds Roots, cuttings, seedlings Bulbs, corms, tubers, etc Air space Seeds prior to planting Stored seed, grain Potting mixes and soil Seeds Cuttings Nursery stock LIQUIDS, eg Emulsifiable concentrates Suspension concentrates Liquid concentrates Micro-encapsulated suspensions Some formulations combine fertilizers with insecticides SOLIDS, eg Baits Dusts Granules Powders OTHERS, eg Aerosols Fumigants Slow release generators The formulation is the product purchased APPLICATION EQUIPMENT Application equipment ranges from expensive large units to small ready-to-use convenient container-applicators, eg Trolleypak Knapsack SPRAY EQUIPMENT, eg Hydraulic sprayers, eg knapsacks, trolleypaks, trailer sprayers, booms Air blast sprayers Mist blowers Rotary atomizers Electrostatic sprayers Fog generators Aeroplane sprayers OTHER EQUIPMENT, eg Dusters Granule dispensers Tree injection Soil injectors Truck sprayer Trailer sprayer Boom sprayer Tree injection Many pests and some diseases reside on the undersides of leaves. Some spray equipment has nozzles that can rotate 360 degrees allowing the undersides of leaves to be sprayed with ease. SELF-DISPENSING APPLICATORS, eg Hose-ons Dusters Guns Aerosols Hose-one Duster Gun Aerosol 50 Insects and allied pests - Integrated pest management
PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds NON-SYSTEMIC & SYSTEMIC INSECTICIDES Contact & translocated insecticides – Movement in plants NON-SYSTEMIC INSECTICIDES Contact NON-SYSTEMIC INSECTICIDES ARE NOT. ABSORBED BY THE PLANT. They are only effective at the site of application. Contact sprays are only effective on insects, eg scales and mealyugs that are actively moving over the plant. Adult scales and mealybugs that have developed their waxy covering are difficult to kill with contact pesticides. They are sometimes called ‘preventative’ as they are often applied before the insect has actually been found but where it is expected. Contact sprays may be devastating to beneficial insects. NON-SYSTEMIC. – FOLAGE, eg Dipel , various (Bacillus thuringiensis) Malathion , various (maldison) Mavrik , various (tau-fluvalinate) Pyrethrum Success , various (spinosad) NON-SYSTEMIC. - SOIL, eg Garlon , various (triclopyr) Lorsban , various (chlorpyrifos) Malathion , various (maldison) SYSTEMIC INSECTICIDES Translocated SYSTEMIC INSECTICIDES ARE. ABSORBED BY THE PLANT. They are carried (translocated) through the sap stream to parts remote from the site of application where they control sap-sucking pests, eg aphids, mites, which are actively feeding. Once the pest has stopped feeding it is too late to control it. They can be effective against some insects already inside the plant. The whole plant surface need not be treated, eg systemic insecticides may be applied as foliage, root and soil or as tree injection treatments. New developing foliage may be protected from insect attack Systemic insecticides are not necessarily evenly distributed within the plant. Know how a particular product moves within the plant. Penetrants are insecticides that just penetrate the cuticle, eg Lebaycid (fenthion) will kill fruit fly eggs laid immediately under the skin of fruit. May control a pest more slowly than contact non-systemic insecticides. SYSTEMIC. - FOLIAGE, eg SYSTEMIC. – APPLIED TO SOIL, eg Taken up by LEAVES Confidor , various (imidacloprid) Folimat , various (omethoate) Pirimor , various (pirimicarb) Rogor , various (dimethoate) Taken up by ROOTS Gaucho , Merit , Premise , various (imidacloprid) Nemacur , various (fenamiphos) Temik (aldicarb) Excessive residues may still occur if withholding periods are not observed. Washing the outside of fruit does not remove internal residues. If surface residues disappear quickly, they will result in minimum risk to non-target organisms Systemic insecticides applied to foliage do not generally move downwards to the roots Once applications of systemic pesticides have been absorbed by the plant foliage they cannot be washed off by rain or irrigation. When applied to the soil, systemic pesticides dissolve in soil water and are taken up by the roots and translocated upwards to varying degrees within the plant. The soil must be kept moist for continued uptake. Some systemic insecticides applied to roots and trunks are translocated upwards into the foliage to control foliage-feeding insects. Insects and allied pests - Integrated pest management 51
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Control methods Cultural methods.
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Root structure of dock (Rumex spp.)
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PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds