PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds ORDER LEPIDOPTERA Butterflies, moths NO. SPECIES IN AUSTRALIA SOME DISTINCTIVE FEATURES Moths vary in size more than any other insect group. A Hercules moth has a wingspan of 30 cm while that of a leafminer may be only 3 mm Larvae are commonly known as caterpillars LIFE CYCLE In excess of 20,000 species in Australia. The second largest of the insect orders after the Coleoptera. Some butterflies are listed as endangered species in some states and Butterfly Action Plans have been put in place (Piper 2001). Butterflies are included in the Flora for Fauna project (page 81). www.ento.csiro.au/education/insects/lepidoptera.html www.brisbaneinsects.com/brisbane_moths/index.html Lepidoptera larvae of Australia http://nla.gov.au/nla.arc-114644 ADULT Wings 1. Two pairs large wings. A few moths are wingless. 2. Densely covered with minute overlapping scales. Mouth Eyes Mouthparts in the form of an elongated tube, coiled like a watch spring when at rest. There are a few exceptions. Large compound eyes. One occeli above each eye. As a rule of thumb: BUTTERFLIES are day flying with clubbed antennae, brightly colored. Wings vertical when at rest. There are a few exceptions. MOTHS are night flying, antennae are other than clubbed, often feathery in males, often drab when colored. Wings flat when at rest. There are a few exceptions. LARVA Legs 3 pairs of legs on thoracic segments and up to 5 pairs of unsegmented prolegs on abdominal segments. Prolegs have a ring of fine hooks on the end. Mouth Chewing. PUPA Often in a silken cocoon (moths) usually a chrysalis (butterflies). There is a complete metamorphosis - egg, larva (armyworm, bagworm, bollworm, borer, budworm, caterpillar, cluster grub, cutworm, grub, inchworm, looper, ‘worm’), pupa and adult. Large citrus butterfly Males have a wingspan of up to 120 mm Many variations, eg codling moth, moth borers, cutworms METHOD OF FEEDING ADULT LARVA Feeds only on nectar or other liquids of flowering plants using a long coiled tube (proboscis). Some adults do not feed at all. Chewing mouthparts, feeds almost exclusively on plant tissue. Vast majority feed on foliage or wood. Some are carnivorous, feeding on other caterpillars and soft-bodied insects, eg ant larvae. 78 Insects and allied pests - Lepidoptera (butterflies, moths)
PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds PLANT DAMAGE DIRECT FEEDING DAMAGE. Only the larvae (caterpillars) damage plants. Caterpillars eat all plant parts LEAVES FLOWERS BUDS FRUIT STEM, BARK ROOTS SEEDLINGS SHOOTS Leaves eaten, eg cabbage white butterfly, citrus butterflies, painted apple moth Leafmining, eg oak leafminer, azalea leafminer Skeletonization, eg autumn gum moth, gumleaf skeletonizing moth Eaten, eg painted apple moth, budworms (Helicoverpa spp.) Surface chewing damage, eg lightbrown apple moth ‘Worm’ damage, eg codling moth, oriental fruit moth, corn earworm (tomato grub) Borers, eg oriental fruit moth, callistemon tip borer, fruit-tree borer, Australian goat moth ‘Grubs’, ‘worms’ eg cutworms, armyworms INDIRECT DAMAGE. Frass (excreta produced by larvae, anything else left behind), may: – Disfigure a plant. – Aid in diagnosing a problem. Formation of structures, eg bag shelters, case moths, leaf rolls and webbing. May introduce decay organisms, eg brown rot of stone fruit may be spread by caterpillars of the oriental fruit moth. INJURIOUS HAIRS/BRISTLES, etc. Larvae and cocoons may be covered with hairs that irritate, eg white stemmed gum moth. LIST OF SOME SPECIES COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME HOST RANGE (caterpillars) (not exhaustive) ADMIRALS, BROWNS (Family Nymphalidae) Common brown butterfly Heteronympha merope Grasses Meadow argus butterfly Junonia villida calybe Antirrhinum Oleander butterfly Euploea core corinna Oleander Wanderer butterfly, monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus Migratory in North America but not obviously so in Australia Asclepiadaceae, eg cotton bushes (Asclepias spp.), moth plant (Araujia hortorum), Calotropis gigantean BORERS (several families) Callistemon tip borer Lepidoptera Callistemon, melaleuca Currant borer moth Fruit-tree borer Small fruit-tree borer Oriental fruit moth Synanthedon tipuliformis Maroga melanostigma Cryptophasa albacosta Graphiolita molesta Currant, gooseberry, raspberry Wide range of trees, shrubs Wide range of trees, shrubs Stone fruit Tomato stemborer Symmetrischema plaesiosema Tomato Goat moths, wood moths (Family Cossidae) Australian goat moth Culama caliginosa Giant wood moth Xyleutes cinereus Wattle goat moth X. encalypti Witjuti grub Xyleutes sp. Various trees Eucalypts Wattles Acacia kempeana Insects and allied pests - Lepidoptera (butterflies, moths) 79
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Insect secretions PLANT PROTECTION
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Control methods Cultural methods.
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Root structure of dock (Rumex spp.)
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