PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds LIST OF SOME FUNGAL DISEASES Plasmodium Thick-walled COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME HOST RANGE (not exhaustive) PHYLUM MYXOMYCOTA (slime moulds) 1. No mycelium. Body is a plasmodium (naked slimy mass of protoplasm) which grows on low-lying parts of plants, does not infect them. Various colours, gray to yellow. 2. Sexual spores are thick-walled resting spores, which may survive for years in soil. 3. Asexual spores are thin-walled zoospores with flagella, which can swim in water. Spores Slime moulds Fuligo, Physarum, Diachea Motile zoospores Hyphae Thick-walled spores Not known in Australia Zoospores released from sporangia downy mildew Zygospore Cleistothecium Hyphae 320 Fungal diseases - Biology, identification and classification Non-parasitic, grows on turf, onions, mulch material PHYLUM PLASMODIOPHOROMYCOTA (endoparasitic slime moulds) 1. The body is a plasmodium within the cells of root and stems of plants. 2. Asexual spores are thin-walled zoospores. Clubroot Plasmodiophora brassicae Brassicas, eg cabbage, stock Powdery scab Spongospora subterranea Potato PHYLUM OOMYCOTA (algal fungi, water moulds) 1. Mycelium present, hyphae well developed with few cross walls. 2. Sexual spores are thick walled resting spores called oospores. 3. Asexual spores may be: Thin-walled zoospores with flagella which can swim in water and are produced in sporangia. In some species conidia are produced. Thick walled resting chlamydospores adapted to withstand adverse conditions. ROOT ROTS Crown and collar rots, root rots Phytophthora spp. Some have a wide host range, others are host specific Damping-off Pythium spp. Seedlings. Other fungi can Phytophthora spp. also cause damping-off Phytophthora root rot Phytophthora cinnamomi Wide range of plants Sudden oak death P. ramorum Oak, over 40 plant genera DOWNY MILDEWS Downy mildews Many genera, eg Bremia lactucae Peronospora destructor P. parasitica P. sparsa P. violae Pseudoperonospora cubensis Plasmopara viticola Usually host specific, eg Lettuce Onion Brassicas, eg stock Rose Pansy Cucurbits, eg pumpkin Grape MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES Late blight, Irish blight Phytophthora infestans Potato, tomato, Solanaceae Soft rot Rhizopus spp. Stored fruit & vegetables White blister Albugo candida Brassicas Anthracnose Celery leaf curl Colletotrichum fragariae C. acutatum. Strawberry Celery PHYLUM CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA (water moulds) Water moulds Olpidium spp. Can transmit virus diseases PHYLUM ZYGOMYCOTA (bread moulds) 1. Sexual thick-walled resting zygospores. 2. Non-motile asexual spores in sporangia, no motile zoospores. Bread moulds Mucor, Rhizopus Stored fruit, vegetables PHYLUM ASCOMYCOTA, IMPERFECT FUNGI 1. Mycelium present, well developed with cross walls. 2. Sexual spores: Ascospores produced in groups of 8 in a sac-like ascus directly on the surface of plant material or in special fruiting bodies, eg cleistothecia, perithecia, apothecia. 3. Asexual spores: Thin-walled conidia which may be produced on the surface of the host or in fruiting bodies eg pycnidia, acervuli, etc Thick walled chlamydospores adapted to withstand adverse conditions. ANTHRACNOSE DISEASES Anthracnose Sphaceloma rosarum Rose Anthracnose Gnomonia errabunda Plane trees BLIGHTS Blossom, flower, petal Botrytis cinerea Wide range, eg flowers, fruit blights, grey mould Petal blight Early blight of tomato Ovulinia azaleae Alternaria solani geraniums, roses Azalea Potato, tomato, related weeds
PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds LIST OF SOME FUNGAL DISEASES COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME HOST RANGE (not exhaustive) (contd) PHYLUM ASCOMYCOTA, IMPERFECT FUNGI (contd) Conidia in an acervulus Powdery mildew mycelium sending haustoria into cells of Powdery mildew, spores in perithecium Not known in Australia CANKERS Botryosphaeria canker, bunch rot, etc Cypress canker LEAF CURLS Leaf blister Peach leaf curl LEAF SPOTS Leaf spots Black spot Black spot Black spot (scab) Black spot (scab) POWDERY MILDEWS Powdery mildews Botryosphaeria spp. Seiridium spp. Taphrina aurea T. deformans Many species, eg Cercospora beticola C. handelii Mycosphaerella fragariae Mycosphaerella (> 60 spp.) M. pinodes Septoria apiicola Marssonina rosae Elsinoe ampelina Venturia inaequalis V. pyrina Many genera, eg Erisyphe graminis E. pisi Podosphaera leucotricha Sphaerotheca pannosa Erisyphe necator FRUIT/ POSTHARVEST DISEASES Many trees, grapevines, stone and pome fruits Chamaecyparis, Cupressus Poplar Stone fruit Usually host specific, eg Beet Azalea Strawberry Eucalypts Pea Celery Rose Grapevine Apple Pear Usually host specific, eg Cereals, grasses Pea Apple Rose Grapevines Bitter rot, stem canker Brown rot Glomerella cingulata Monilinia fructicola Apple, other trees and shrubs Stone fruit Fleck Diplocarpon mespli Quince, pear, hawthorn Freckle Cladosporium carpophilum Stone fruit Storage rots Aspergillus, Botrytis, Mucor, Penicillium, Alternaria, etc Stored fruit, vegetables ROOT ROTS Fusarium root/stem rot Fusarium solani Vegetables Brown patch Bipolaris, Drechslera, etc Turf grasses Corm rot Sclerotinia rot Spring dead spot Penicillium gladioli Sclerotinia spp. Leptosphaeria spp. Gladiolus Wide host range Intensively managed couch Black root rot Thievaliopsis basicola Damping off, vegetables, etc, cotton, other hosts Ashy stem blight, Macrophomina phaseolina Beans, peas, other plants charcoal rot Aphanomyces root rot Aphanomyces cochlioides Young plants, eg beet Take-all Gaeumannomyces graminis Cereals, various grasses var. avenae SCABS Apple scab Pear scab Citrus scab Venturia inaequalis V. pyrina Sphaceloma fawcetti var. scabiosa Apple Pear Citrus WILTS Fusarium wilt Fusarium spp. Wide host range (strains) Verticillium wilt Verticillium dahliae Wide host range V. albo-atrum Potato Dutch elm disease (DED) Ophiostoma ulmi Elms MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES Dollar spot Sclerotinia homeocarpa Turf grasses Ergot Claviceps spp. Paspalum, rye, cereals, grasses Eutypa dieback, Eutypa lata Apricot, grapevine, other dying arm = E. armeniacea woody plants Ink spot Several species Kangaroo paw Shothole Stigmina carpophila Stone fruit Sooty mould Capnodium spp. (non-parasitic) Yeast sugar rot Geotrichum candida Grows on honeydew secreted by aphids, lerp, mealybugs, soft scales, whiteflies Gerbera, others Fungal diseases - Biology, identification and classification 321
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Root structure of dock (Rumex spp.)
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PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds