PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds LIST OF SOME SPECIES (contd) Biological control agents Nematodes seeking out openings in a larva of the black vine weevil. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME HOST RANGE (not exhaustive) Some beneficial nematodes are symbiotically associated with bacteria which they carry within their intestinal tract, often within a specialised vesicle. The nematodes seek out natural openings on insects, eg mouth, anus, spiracles, and move into the bloodstream, where they release the bacteria causing septicaemia. Most insects are susceptible and given enough nematodes they will die. ENs are now so widely used in the world, they are second only to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) in biopesticide sales. The best species and strain for a particular pest can be selected. Sold as the 3 rd stage larvae which is the only stage that can survive outside the host. 3 rd stage larvae enter the body openings via the anus or spiracles (Steinernema) or through the skin (Heterorhabditis). Once inside the nematodes release the bacteria causing septicemia. Nematodes in larva increase in numbers, eventually they leave to look for new hosts. Infected larvae become yellow to reddish brown and cease to feed before dying. Nematodes can be applied via trickle irrigation, or by conventional equipment. Apply at dusk because they are sensitive to drying and UV radiation. Barrier to developing nematodes as biocontrol agents has been technical difficulties involved in culturing and storing them and applying them to target pests in the field. Emphasis is now on strategies for improving field efficacy: – Beneficial nematodes do not have an extended shelf-life – Make sure nematodes are alive when applied. – Pre-water area prior to application (they require moisture to move through soil effectively. – Apply immediately at temperatures less than 32 o C. Temperatures greater than this reduce survival rate of infective juveniles, apply in evening. Not in available in Australia Beddingia siricidicola Sirex wasp in Pinus radiata plantations . Steinernama feltiae Currant borer moth. Used to disinfest currant cuttings of currant borer moth larvae in Tasmania. Kills 99.8% caterpillars in cuttings, may need to be re-introduced at regular intervals. S. feltiae Mushroom fly, fungus gnat S. feltiae Fungus gnats, sciarids and Western flower thrips in greenhouse horticulture production. S. carpocapsae Banana weevil borer, cutworm, armyworm, house termites, cat flea S. carpocapsae Ground-dwelling insects and certain borers Heterorhabditis zealandica Argentine stem weevil, African black beetle, Argentinian scarab, black-headed cockchafer, redheaded cockchafer, bill bug weevil H. bacteriophaga Black vine weevil larvae Nemaslug Phasmarhabditis sp. Parasitizes snails in high value protected crops. Newly hatched snails are susceptible to nematodes some of which occur naturally. NEMATODES 50 MILLION (50 MILLION INFECTIVE JUVENILES) Ecogrow www.ecogrow.com.au/ BeckerUnderwood www.beckerunderwood.com/ 258 Nematode diseases Fig, 134. Nematode bio-insecticides
PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds DISTRIBUTION WITHIN PLANTS Female nematodes on gall Foliar nematode damage In terms of habitat, plant parasitic nematodes are either endoparasitic or ectoparasitic. ENDOPARASITIC NEMATODES Species that enter the host and feed from within the host. Sedentary. Species which do not move around extensively once inside the plant, eg root knot nematodes. Migratory. Species which do move around extensively inside the plant, eg foliar nematodes and stem and bulb nematode, root lesion and citrus nematodes. ECTOPARASITIC NEMATODES Species that do not normally penetrate root tissue but feed only on the cells near the surface. Sedentary. Species do not move around on the outside of the plant, they find a place to feed and stay there, eg ring nematode. Migratory. Species feed on the cells on the root surface but do not become attached and move around from place to place, eg dagger nematode. EGG HATCHING Most nematode eggs hatch freely in water. However, the eggs of some species are stimulated to hatch by substances produced by the roots of the surrounding host plant, which diffuses into the surrounding soil. OBLIGATE PARASITES Plant parasitic nematodes are obligate parasites - they can only complete their life cycles on living plants. This can be a weakness and exploited in control. DISEASE CYCLE Host Host, host debris Host, host debris, soil Although all plant parasitic nematodes are obligate parasites and so only attack and complete their life cycle on living plants, many stages of their life cycle may be found in soil, plant debris, corms, tubers, bulbs, seed, etc. HOST ONLY In some plant parasitic species, all stages (eggs, larvae and adults) may be found in or on the host plant, while in other species only one or two stages may be found in or on the host plant. Depending on the species, various stages (eggs, larvae and adults) may be found in or on roots, stems, leaves, seed, corms and other plant parts. HOST AND HOST DEBRIS Plant debris from infected plants may carry various stages of nematodes (eggs, larvae and adults). HOST, HOST DEBRIS AND SOIL Most plant parasitic nematodes live part of their lives in soil. Large numbers are usually also found around the roots of host plants so that the depth at which nematodes can be found and should be sampled, will depend on the type of crop being grown, previous crops, soil type and the method of growing the crop. In vegetables crops nematodes will be concentrated in the surface layers, eg 20-30 cm for carrot crops, while in other crops nematodes may be found as deep as 150 cm. Seek advice on the depth and methods of sampling soil for nematode testing for your crop. Nematode diseases 259
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Insect secretions PLANT PROTECTION
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Control methods Cultural methods.
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Root structure of dock (Rumex spp.)
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PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds