PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds Table 60. Bio-fungicides, soaps, bicarbonates, milk, etc. (agricultural biological products) THE PRODUCT BIO-FUNGICIDES, BIO-INOCULANT MICROBIAL AGENTS Mostly for soilborne diseases Trich-A-Soil Trichodry Trichoflow Trichospray TrichoShield Trichodex Vinevax MYCORRHIZA Companion Fulzyme-Plus PLANT ACTIVATORS SPRAY OILS MILK SOAPS BICARBONATES FUMAFERT OTHERS SOME USES Read label, obtain advice from company Trichoderma harzianum. is naturally occurring fungus which has been developed as a bio-fungicide for soilborne diseases and foliar pathogens. In soil, it colonises the root zone, establishing a strong beneficial population which stimulates root initiation, promoting vigorous root growth and utilization of micro-nutrients giving plants a faster start with more resistance to adverse conditions. The environment is less favourable for soil disease organisms, suppressing some damping off and root rot diseases, eg Fusarium, Phytophthora, Pythium and Rhizoctonia. Used in IDM programs. It is marketed in different formulations depending on the situation, eg glasshouses, organic media, hydroponics, field crops, seed plantings, seed plugs, ornamental plantings, orchards, vineyards, turf. May be formulated with other organisms, eg mycorrhiza. Trich-A-Soil , Trichodry Nursery, Trichoflow Nursery, Trichospray Nursery, Unite Natural Protectant Bio-Fungicide WP (T. harzianum). Trichodex TM Bio-fungicide (T. harzianum) for the control of grey mould (Botrytis cinerea ) on grapevines. Sentinel Bio-fungicide protects against grey mould (Botrytis cinerea on grapes and tomatoes (not available in Australia) as yet. Vinevax TM Biological Wound Dressing, Vinevax TM Biological Fungicide Bio-implants, Vinevax TM Bio-injection Biological Fungicide (T. harzianum) may assist control of Eutypa dieback in grapevines. Has potential for development as a pruning wound protectant against Botryosphaeria in grapevines. Bacillus subtilis. is a naturally occurring bacterium which has been developed as a biofungicide. It colonizes soil, attaches to the organisms, preventing them from becoming further established, aids in decomposing organic matter. Solubizes various nutrient elements, so they are readily available to roots. Used in IDM programs to suppress Pythium, Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, Phytophthora. Companion, Fulzyme Plus (Bacillus subtilis) used in IDM in disease management of Phytophthora and Pythium. Mixtures eg Nutri-Life TrichoShield (Trichoderma spp., Gliocladium virens, Bacillus subtilis) for treatments of seeds, seedlings, transplants, cuttings, bulbs, grafts, established crops. Improves balance between desired & undesirable micro-organisms on leaves & in soil. Noculate Liquid (Bacillus, Trichoderma, vitamins, humic acid, kelp) for use on professionally maintained turf. Other possible bio-fungicides being researched or under development. AQ10 (Ampelomyces quisqualis) may provide some control of powdery mildews. Mycostop (Streptomyces griseoviridis). Seed treatment, dip, soil spray or drench to minimize root diseases, eg Fusarium, Alternaria, Pythium, Phytophthora, Rhizoctonia. Streptomycin (Streptomyces sp.) is a systemic bactericide used for foliage, & seed treatments, eg bacterial blight of walnut, bacterial canker of stone fruit, seed treatment for halo blight of bean. May cause yellowing on some crops. Soilgard (Gliocladium virens) is a soil-applied fungus used pre-plant as a media additive to control Rhizoctonia, Pythium of greenhouse ornamentals & food crops. Other fungi include Conostachys rosea, Coniothyrium minitans. Anti-fungal proteins isolated from Australian flora inhibit a range of fungal pathogens. Mycorrhizal fungi can be purchased for use in nurseries to inoculate a range of plants including conifer seedlings for reforestation outplanting. Mycorrhizal activators are being researched. Bion (acibenzolar-S-methyl) induces host resistance in cotton to suppress Fusarium wilt and black root rot. Some petroleum oils are registered for powdery mildew on pome fruit, greenhouse roses and some other fungal diseases of banana, citrus & passion fruit (page 61). Some paraffinic oils are registered for powdery mildew of pome fruit & some other diseases of banana & citrus (page 61). Milk must be full cream - the cream causes the milk to stick. Powdered full-cream milk is particularly effective because it is not homogenized and helps retard black spot on roses. Spray once per week in bad seasons when mildew is constant or when you see it. It is not a preventative as it works directly on the spores causing the fine hairs of the fungi to shrivel up within hours of the milk application (page 347). Soaps are usually used as insecticides, but can suppress certain foliar diseases such as powdery mildews under some conditions. Note that soap sprays marketed through garden centres are only registered for the control of certain insect pests. Eco-fungicide, Eco-carb, Eco-rose (potassium bicarbonate) are registered for powdery mildew, also black spot of rose (page 341); They are contact fungicides. Potassium bicarbonate is more effective than sodium bicarbonate (Moore 1996). Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) combined with horticultural oil (a surfactant) provides some control of powdery mildew & some other diseases of ornamentals, vegetables & fruit crops. The oil allows the bicarbonate to better adhere and spread evenly over the target leaf area. Fumafert (mustard seed meal (Brassica juncea) plus neem kernel (Azadirachtin indica) has soil bio-fumigant properties which aid in the control of some soil, insects, diseases & nematodes (page 267). Acti-dione (cycloheximide) overseas controls powdery mildews & rusts on ornamentals and turf. May cause leaf injury to roses. Highly toxic to fish & wildlife. Anti-transpirants, eg Envy can provide some protection against fungal diseases, eg rusts, powdery mildews by forming a physical barriet to disease organisms. 344 Fungal diseases - Integrated disease management
PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds EXAMPLES OF FUNGAL DISEASES Powdery mildews Powdery mildews are considered to cause more financial losses worldwide than any other plant disease. Historically the most famous powdery mildew disease is the one that devastated the vine crops in Europe during the l9th century and is still costly to the wine industry. It was the same fungus which led to the discovery of lime sulphur - sheer necessity! This fungicide is still used today for powdery mildews and to a lesser extent rusts, other fungal diseases and mites. Scientific name Powdery mildews (Order Erysiphales, Phylum Ascomycota). However, when the sexual stages (cleistothecia) of powdery mildews are not known, they are placed in the Imperfect Fungi and called Oidium spp. Common powdery mildews include: Phylum Ascomycota, Order Erysiphales Blumeria graminis Cereals, grasses Podosphaeria leucotricha Apple Sphaerotheca fuligina Cucurbits S. pannosa Rose Uncinula necator Grapevines Imperfect Fungi (sexual stage not known, when found the fungus is given a genus and species). Oidium spp. – Aster, azalea, begonia, calendula, chrysanthemum, dahlia, euonymus, eucalypt, oak, pansy, plane tree, primula, other plants. See also page 321. Host range Ornamentals, azalea, begonia, hebe, eucalypt, wisteria, hardenbergia, oak, rose. Fruit, eg apple, grape, papaya, strawberry. Vegetables, eg cucurbits, pea, tomato. Field crops, eg cereals, clover, lupins. Turf, eg grasses, clover. Parasitic plants, eg mistletoe. Weeds. Although all powdery mildews look the same, usually a particular species is restricted to one host, or group of related hosts, eg one species attacks roses another azaleas and so on. Fig. 185. Powdery mildew of euonymus (Oidium spp.). PhotoCIT, Canberra (P.W.Unger). Symptoms Leaves, stems, buds, petals. The first sign of disease is usually small white circular patches on the surface of leaves or stems. These increase in size, often running together to cover large areas of both upper and lower leaf surfaces, becoming powdery due to the production of masses of conidia. Young leaves on some species seem to be very susceptible and may yellow, shrivel and curl, eventually they may die, eg apple. However, in most cases, younger leaves of bedding plants do not show infection. Petals and buds may also become distorted. Flowers are downgraded. Infected leaves on some hosts redden in colour on the uppersurface opposite a powdery mildew colony on the undersurface and may be confused with chemical toxicity. Leaves may wither and fall. Infected soft leaves of some hosts, eg roses, may “bubble” with spores developing on the deformed areas. Old powdery mildew infections on some leaves, eg Photinia, hebe, may appear grayish. Dormant shoots of apple are covered with dense white mycelium. Infected shoots on perennials may die back. Dormant rose and grapevine shoots may turn reddish so it is easy to see where the infected shoots from last season are. Small fruiting bodies (cleistothecia) may develop on plant tissues killed by powdery mildew. They look like small black specks. Fruit. Mango fruit develops purplish brown blotches and immature fruit may fall. Apples may russet and be downgraded. Grape bunches with as little as 5% disease may be rejected by wineries as they cause ‘off flavor’ in wine. Table grapes are unmarketable if berries or stalks are infected. General. Important seedling disease in nurseries. Plants may be stunted and crops lost. Can be a late season, end-of-crop disease. Diagnostics. Fresh powdery mildews are generally easy to identify, exceptions include hebe, hydrangea. Do not confuse with down mildews (page 348). A few hosts may become infected with both powdery mildew and downy mildew, eg rose, grape, hebe, cucurbits. Microscopic examination - a x10 eyepiece and x10 objective (student compound microscope) is needed to see spores in ‘chains’ (page 346, Fig.186) rather than ‘trees’ (page 349, Fig.189). Expert advice may be needed to confirm the exact species although very few plants host more than one species of powdery mildew. Active infections appear powdery and fluffy, while inactive infections appear flattened and may be brownish. The purplish discolorations of some powdery mildews may be confused with chemical toxicity. On some hosts, eg cucurbits, spots may appear first on leaf undersurfaces but later cover both surfaces and growers may not be aware of disease until it is well established and difficult to control. Fungal diseases - Examples of fungal diseases 345
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Root structure of dock (Rumex spp.)
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PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds