PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds NO. SPECIES IN AUSTRALIA SOME DISTINCTIVE FEATURES Elytra enable them expand into habitats which could damage unprotected wings LIFE CYCLE ORDER COLEOPTERA Beetles, weevils More than 28,000 named species in Australia. There are more than 6000 species of native weevils in Australia. The Coleoptera is by far the largest order of insects both in Australia and world wide and has more plant feeders than any other order. Many species are predatory and feed on other insects. Rhinoceros, flower and other beetles are kept as pets. www.ento.csiro.au/education/insects/coleoptera.html ADULT Body 1. Hard and compact (with exceptions). 2. Prothorax often appears separated from the other 2 parts of the thorax. 3. Many beetles are brilliantly colored and are of various shapes and sizes. Wings 1. Usually 2 pairs. 2. Forewings hardened into hard wing covers (elytra) which are not used in flight. 3. Hindwings gauzy and used in flight. They are neatly tucked under wing covers when not in use. Mouth Chewing mouthparts. Antennae Usually well developed and conspicuous. Eyes Compound eyes. LARVA Legs 1. No prolegs (abdominal legs). 2. Commonly 3 pairs thoracic legs (long or short) each pair ending in 1-2 claws, eg scarab grubs. 3. Some are entirely legless, eg longicorn beetle larvae. Head Always distinct, usually dark colored, bearing definite but minute antennae. Mouth Chewing mouthparts. There is a complete metamorphosis (egg, larva (grub, curl grub, scarab grub, wireworm, mealworm, borer), pupa and adult. Life cycles vary in duration and location. Christmas beetle Many variations METHOD OF FEEDING ADULT LARVA Biting and chewing mouthparts, usually well developed. Many feed on plant material, nectar or are predators, some do not feed at all. Biting and chewing mouthparts, usually well developed. 98 Insects and allied pests - Coleoptera (beetles, weevils)
PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds PLANT DAMAGE DIRECT CHEWING DAMAGE. Both adults and larvae may feed on plant material. Feeding habits of adults and larvae may be similar or different LEAVES Chewed, eg leaf beetles (adults and larvae), pumpkin beetle (adults), metallic flea beetles (adults), Christmas beetle (adults), black vine weevil (adults) Skeletonization, eg leafeating ladybirds (adults and larvae), elm leaf beetles (adult and larvae) Leafmining, eg lantana leafminer (larvae) FLOWERS, Chewing, eg orchid beetle (adults) BUDS FRUIT, SEED, GRAIN TRUNKS, BARK ROOTS, CROWNS Chewing damage, eg bean weevil (larvae), driedfruit beetles (adults and larvae), rust red flour beetle (adults and larvae) Borers, eg longicorn beetles (larvae), jewel beetles (larvae), auger beetle (larvae) Bark beetles, eg pine bark beetles (adults and larvae) Chewing damage, eg scarab grubs (larvae), black vine weevil (larvae), orchid beetle (larvae), vegetable weevil (larvae) .INDIRECT DAMAGE. Transmission of diseases, eg – Driedfruit beetles and caterpillars of oriental fruit moth and lightbrown apple moth, help spread brown rot of stone fruit (fungal disease). – Squash mosaic virus of melons in Qld is spread by leafeating beetles. – Overseas, elm bark beetles spread Dutch elm disease (fungal disease). LIST OF SOME SPECIES Bark beetle. Larvae damage under bark Top:Jewel beetle larva Lower:Longicorn larva Not known in Australia COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME HOST RANGE (not exhaustive) BARK BEETLES (several families) Cypress bark beetle Phloeosinus cupressi Cypress bark Aesiotes leucurus weevil Elm bark beetle Five spined bark beetle Pine bark weevil Scolytus multistriatus Ips grandicollis Aesiotes notabilis BORERS (several families) Auger beetles Elephant weevil Jewel beetles Kurrajong weevil Longicorn beetles Asian longicorn beetle Family Bostrichidae Orthorhinus cylindrirostris Family Buprestidae Axionicus insignis Family Cerambycidae Anoplophora glabripennis Cypress, other conifers Cypress, Pinus spp. Elm Many Pinus spp. Various conifers Eucalypts, tamarisk Trees, fruit trees Curculionidae Various trees, especially cypress. Adults are nectar feeders and pollinators of native plants Kurrajong Curculionidae Various trees, shrubs, especially eucalypts Wide range of mainly deciduous trees. Larvae bore holes in wood of living trees and forest products Australian standards. Timber natural durability ratings Powderpost beetles Lyctus spp, (Bostrichidae) Sapwood of certain hardwoods, not softwood Insects and allied pests - Coleoptera (beetles, weevils) 99
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Insect secretions PLANT PROTECTION
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Control methods Cultural methods.
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Root structure of dock (Rumex spp.)
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PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds