PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds RESISTANCE. WHAT IS RESISTANCE? RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES Classification by Croplife Australia is according to how a pesticide kills the insect, fungus or weed and is used for resistance management. It does not indicate toxicity, that some groups are more toxic than others as indicated by the signal headings on their labels (see page 237). Applications may fail for reasons other than resistance, eg Incorrect identification of the pest. Wrong insecticide may have been used. Equipment not calibrated properly. Applied at wrong time. Weather was unsuitable for application. Insecticide resistance is the ability of a pest to survive doses of insecticide that would normally provide control. The pest is not adequately controlled. At least 50% of world pests have developed some resistance to any one major group of pesticides. It is so extensive that it is difficult to find effective chemicals for some pests. Use of the few remaining effective ones has been restricted in an attempt to prolong their useful life. Using the same insecticide continually to control the same pest will lead to the development of resistance by the pest. In Australia, insects and mites which have developed resistance to a range of insecticides/miticides include: Corn earworm (Helicoverpa armigera) European red mite (Panonychus ulmi) Green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) Twospotted mite (Tetranychus urticae) Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) Use IPM programs which include non-chemical control methods to preserve beneficial insect and mites. Some insects, eg members of the Order Hymenoptera do not seem to develop resistance to insecticides. Seek advice about ways of reducing and managing resistance. Insecticide Resistance Management Strategies. Commercial crops. – CropLife Australia has classified insecticides into Insecticide Mode of Action Groups which indicate the mode of action of the insecticide on a metabolic process in the pest, ie how it kills or suppresses the pest (page 57, Table 2) . Some biological insecticides are not classified by CropLife Australia (page 61, Table 3). Contact Croplife Australia for updates and classification and click on Resistance Management: www.croplifeaustralia.org.au/ – To minimize the development of resistance and prolong the life of existing insecticides, observe 1, 2, 3…. groups on commercial insecticide labels. Follow resistance warnings. Rotate insecticides between different groups as recommended. Remember, persons using commercial insecticides must undergo training. Home garden products available from garden centres are not required to have insecticide mode of action groups on them. – CropLife Australia has also prepared management strategies for some pests and for some crops to minimize the development of resistance. Pest resistance management strategies developed for some pests include corn earworm (Helicoverpa armigera), Western flower thrips (WFT) (Occidentalis frankliniella). Crop-Pest Resistance Management Strategies have been developed, eg for cole crops - diamondback moth. Follow label instructions and warnings. which include resistance strategies. Application of some insecticides for control of some pests is restricted in order to prevent or delay the likelihood of resistance developing. “Example” and “Company” are used in the following general instructions to avoid using specific insecticide or company names. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS GROUP 4A INSECTICIDE Insecticide Resistance Strategy For insecticide resistant management, Example is a group 4A insecticide. Some naturally occurring insect biotypes resistant to Example and other Group 4A insecticides may exist through normal genetic variability in any insect population. The resistant individuals can eventually dominate the insect population if Example and other Group 4A insecticides are used repeatedly. The effectiveness of Example on resistant individuals could be significantly reduced. Since occurrence of resistant individuals is difficult to detect prior to use, Company accepts no liability for any losses that may result from the failure of Example to control resistant insects. Resistance Management Strategies Strategies are outlined on the label for various pests or crops; there may be industry management strategies which must be followed. For further information contact your local supplier, company representative or local agricultural department agronomist. 56 Insects and allied pests - Integrated pest management
PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds INSECTICIDE MODE OF ACTION GROUPS Insecticides are classified by Croplife Australia into mode of action groups which assist in resistance management. The following tables are a summary guide only, and not a substitute for reading a currently registered label, the MSDS and obtaining up-to-date advice. The tables also provide an overall picture of the types of insecticides available for crop protection. Mark insecticides you use at work. Contact Croplife Australia for a full list of insecticides, updates of the classification and further information: www.croplifeaustralia.org.au Check Pubcris for current registration status: www.apvma.gov.au/ Infopest can be purchased www.dpi.qld.gov.au/ Table 2. Insecticide Mode of Action Groups. (2009) some examples MAIN MODE OF ACTION GROUP and Primary Site of Action 1 Acetylcholinest erase inhibitors Nerve action all members of this class may not be cross resistant 2 GABA-gated chloride channel antagonists Nerve action 3 Sodium channel modulators Nerve action (more than 200products in this group) 4 Nicotinic acetycholline receptor agonists Nerve action CHEMICAL SUBGROUP or Exemplifying Active constituent 1A Carbamates 1B Organo Phosphates 2A Cyclodiene organochlorines 2B Phenylpyrazoles (Fiproles) 3A Pyrethroids Pyrethrins derived from chrysanthemum flowers 3B No registered actives 4A Neonicotinoids (an important group of insecticides because of their effectiveness and wide target range) contd next page Trade name Active constituent THE PRODUCT BUGMASTER, VARIOUS carbaryl (not approved for use on food-producing plants in the home garden) APHIDEX, VARIOUS pirimicarb FOLIMAT omethoate LEBAYCID, VARIOUS fenthion MALATHION maldison ROGOR, VARIOUS dimethoate ENDOSAN, THIODAN endosulfan Restricted product COSMOS, GOLIATH, VARIOUS fipronil MAVRIK, VARIOUS tau-fluvalinate often formulated with the fungicide myclobutanil BAYTHROID, VARIOUS cyfluthrin SLAY-AFE, VARIOUS pyrethrin + piperonyl butoxide (may be formulated with garlic, eucalyptus, etc) TALSTAR, VARIOUS, MAXGUARD bifenthrin may be formulated with other insecticides No registered actives CONFIDOR, MERIT, GAUCHO, PREMISE, INITIATOR, VARIOUS imidacloprid CROWN, VARIOUS acetamiprid CALYPSO thiacloprid Mode of action Non-systemic Contact action Stomach action may thin apples Slightly systemic Contact action Fumigant action Systemic Contact action Slightly penetrant Contact action Stomach action Non-systemic Contact action Systemic Contact action Some fumigant Non-systemic Contact, stomach action, some fumigant action Systemic Contact action Stomach action Seed treatments Non-systemic Contact Stomach action Suppresses mites Non-systemic Contact action Stomach action Non-systemic Contact, stomach & fumigant action rapid knockdown, air borne for up to 4 hrs Non-systemic Contact action Stomach action Systemic Contact action Stomach action anti-feedant, residual activity up to 70 days Systemic Contact action Residual Systemic does not affect predatory mites SOME USES Read label, obtain advice from company CROPS, SITES TREATED Certain, turf, fruit, ornamentals, vegetables, field crops, non-crop Ornamentals, fruit, vegetable, pasture, field crops Cotton, certain ornamentals, some fruit & vegetables Ornamentals, fruit, some vegetables, Long residual Ornamentals, fruit, vegetables, field crops, pasture Ornamentals, fruit, vegetables, field crops, turf, pasture Only to be sold to or used by an authorized person Bananas, wine grape, turf, field crops, vegetables, ornamentals, forestry Ornamentals, apples, stone fruit, cauliflower, tomato Certain vegetables, ornamentals, turf Ornamentals, gardens, indoors, buildings (short residual) Ornamentals, fruit, turf, field crops Ornamentals, trees, turf, fruit, field crops, vegetables, buildings, poles, establishing eucalypts; seed treatments (certain insect pests & prevent spread of barley yellow dwarf virus in cereals) Ornamental plants, cotton, potatoes, potting mixes Some pome & stone fruits, some ornamentals PESTS CONTROLLED, SUPPRESSED Broad spectrum beetles, bugs, caterpillars, wireworms, grasshoppers, pear & cherry slug Aphicide certain aphids Broad spectrum sucking insects, eg aphids thrips, lace bugs, whiteflies Miticide twospotted mite, others Broad spectrum fruit flies, codling moth, lightbrown apple moth, oriental fruit moth, others Broad spectrum aphids, lace bugs, scales, fruit fly, oriental fruit moth, beetles, grasshoppers etc Broad spectrum sucking insects, aphids, thrips, fruit fly maggots, leafminers, mites, etc Broad spectrum long persistence Broad spectrum thrips, caterpillars, beetles, Argentine stem weevil, fruit fly lures Broad spectrum, eg Helicoverpa, cabbage moth, cabbage white butterfly, aphids, thrips. Broad spectrum caterpillars eg Helicoverpa, weevils, turf pests Broad spectrum most flying insects, aphids, flies, whiteflies, household insects Broad spectrum surface feeding insects eg ants, turf pests Miticide many species of mites Broad spectrum sucking insects, eg thrips, aphids, whiteflies; not mites; chewing insects, eg scarab grubs, billbug Broad spectrum sucking insects, eg aphids, mealybugs, scales, thrips, lace bug, whiteflies; fungus gnats, shore flies Broad spectrum sucking insects (apple dimpling bug, aphids); chewing insects (codling moth, oriental fruit moth) Insects and allied pests - Integrated pest management 57
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Control methods Cultural methods.
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Root structure of dock (Rumex spp.)
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PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds