PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds The authors would like to express their appreciation of the many people, organizations and companies, whose contributions have made this book possible. Advice and support Horticultural assistance Computing assistance Canberra Institute of Technology Contributors to previous editions ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Bill Kerruish, Adrienne Walkington Douglas Kerruish, Canberra, ACT; Phillip Unger, Canberra, ACT. Andrew Forster, Canberra, ACT; Alan Mann, Canopy Tree Experts, ACT. Stefan Alexander, Canberra, ACT; John Kerruish, Sydney, NSW Drawings, diagrams, charts and photographs are reproduced with permission of the Canberra Institute of Technical Education for educational purposes only Phil Carne, Beverley Karpinski, George Khair, Jenni Marsh, Chris McKenna, Patricia Sellars, John Stanisic, Chris Tynan, John Walker, Paul Walker, Paul Weiss The following drawings, diagrams, photographs and labels are reproduced for educational purposes only with permission of: CopyrightNSW Department of Industry and Investment Fig.2.Rust Fig.3.Hormone herbicide injury Fig.8.Bean weevil and damage Fig.11.Codling Moth E.H.Zeck Fig 12.Fruit tree borer damage Fig.13.Vegetable weevil E.H.Zeck Figs.14,15.Apple leafhoppers and damage Fig.20.Cottonycushion scale Fig.21.Apple dimpling bug damage Fig.22.Woolly aphid damage Figs.28,29.Case moths Fig.30.Leafcutting bee damage Fig.32.Sooty mould Fig.41.Queensland fruit fly E.H.Zeck Fig.45.Cineraria leafminer damage Fig.50.Whitestemmed gum moth caterpillar Fig.51.Painted apple moth caterpillar Fig.55.Lightbrown apple moth E.H.Zeck Fig.56.Cabbage white butterfly E.H.Zeck Fig.59 Codling moth W.G.Thwaite Fig.60 Codling moth E.H.Zeck Fig.64.Oriental fruit moth E.H.Zeck Fig.66.Fruit-tree borer and damage Fig.68.Elephant weevil and damage Fig.69.Beetle borers Fig.70.Leaf beetle, eggs and larvae Fig.76.African black beetle E.H.Zeck Fig.77.Fig longicorn and larvae Fig.78.Bean weevil Fig.79.Teatree sawfly Fig.90.Argentine ant E.H.Zeck Fig.91.Citrus gall wasp E.H.Zeck Fig.92.Pear and cherry slug adult Fig.93.Steelblue sawfly and damage Fig.94.Leafblister sawfly damage Fig.97.Gladiolus thrips Fig.98.Gladiolus thrips damage to corms Fig.99.Plague thrips E.H.Zeck Fig.101.Green vegetable bug E.H.Zeck Fig.102.Crusader bugs Fig.106.Green peach aphid E.H.Zeck Fig.107.Woolly aphid damage Fig.109.Longtailed mealybug and predator Fig.111.Gumtree scale, frosted scale, soft brown and white wax scale, cottony cushion Fig.112.Black scale E.H.Zeck Fig.113.Red and white louse scales Fig 114.San Jose scale E.H.Zeck Fig.116.Greenhouse whitefly Fig.117.Termite galleries and mound Fig.118.Timber damaged by termites E.H.Zeck Fig.119.Subterranean termites Page178.Table35.Termite damage E.H.Zeck Figs.120,121.Australian plague locust and damage Fig.122.Australian plague locust flights Fig.123.Grasshopper parasites Fig.124.European earwig Fig.125.Springtail Fig.126.Spider mites E.H.Zeck Fig.127.Grapeleaf blister mite E.H.Zeck Fig.129.Slaters Fig.130.Snails on trunk of citrus tree Fig.132.Foliar nematode symptoms Fig.133.Stem and bulb nematode symptoms Fig.136.Root knot nematode symptoms Page278.Ringspot virus symptoms M.Senior Fig.143.Tomato spotted wilt symptoms on dahlia Fig.144.Tomato spotted wilt-symptoms on arum lily, Fig.145.Tomato spotted wilt symptoms on nasturtium Fig.150.Bacterial scab of gladiolus Fig.152.Fungal leaf spots of mulberry Fig.156.Bacterial canker of stone fruit Fig.158.Bacterial leaf and stem rot of pelargonium Fig.164.Azalea petal blight Fig.165.Loose smut M.Senior Figs.166,167.Damping off Fig.168.Lemon scab M.Senior Fig.169.Black spot of grapevine M.Senior Fig.170.Brown rot M.Senior Fig.171.Freckle M.Senior Fig.172.Collar rot of citrus Fig.173.Red wood rot fungus M.Senior Fig.174.Stem canker of rose Fig.175.Phytophthora root rot Fig.176.Rhizoctonia stem rot M.Senior Fig.178.Peach leaf curl defoliation Fig.187.Downy mildew of lettuce M.Senior Fig.188.Downy mildew of grapevines M.Senior Fig.190.Geranium rust Fig.191.Bean rust Fig.200.Peach leaf curl M.Senior Fig.205.Sclerotinia rot, Sclerotium stem rot M.Senior Fig.207.Damping off Fig.208.Lichens Fig.209.Wind injury Fig.211.Sooty mould Fig.219.Sunburnt trunk Fig.220.Rind splitting of orange Fig.222.Cold injury to carnation Fig.226.Enlarged lenticels on potato tuber Fig.227.Potato leaf roll Fig.229.Magnesium deficiency M.Senior Fig.231.Whiptail on crucifer Fig.244.Mutant orange CopyrightCanberra Institute of Technology Pagexiii.Plant clinic activities Fig.1.Christmas beetle Fig.6.Citrus butterfly caterpillars Fig.7.Pear and cherry slug damage Fig.9.Azalea leafminer damage Fig.10.Citrus gall wasp damage Page18.Spittle bug Fig.16.Green peach aphids Fig.17.Greenhouse whiteflies Fig.18.Lerps Fig.23.Black peach aphids Fig.24.Green house thrips damage Fig.25.Onion thrips damage Fig.26.Thrips in dahlia flowers Fig.27.Callistemon leafrolling thrips damage Fig.31.Webbing caterpillar damage Fig.33.Tomato big bid phytoplasma damage Fig.36 Christmas beetle, corn earwom Fig.45.Cineraria leafminer damage Fig.52.Cup moth caterpillar Fig.54.Leafminer damage to bottlebrush Fig.57.Corn earworm and damage Fig.63.Oriental fruit moth damage to peach fruit Fig.72.Leafeating ladybirds and damage Fig.73.Predatory ladybirds Fig.78.Bean weevil damage Fig.80.Callistemon sawfly larvae Fig.81.Callistemon sawfly larvae damage Fig.83.Cypress pine sawfly larvae. Fig.92.Pear and cherry slug and damage Fig.94.Leafblister sawfly larvae Fig.95.Onion thrips damage Fig.96.Leafrolling thrips damage to callistemon Fig.98.Gladiolus thrips damage to flowers Fig.102.Crusader bug damage on wattle Fig.104.Cabbage aphid damage Fig.107.Woolly aphids on apple Fig.108.Lerps and lerp damage Fig.109.Longtailed mealybug Fig.111.Wattle tick scale, black scale Fig.113.San Jose, red and rose scales Fig.116.Greenhouse whiteflies Page175.Termite damage to potato Page178.Table35.Borer and wood rot damage Page227.Snail damage to cabbage Page229.Snail damage to gazania - skeletonization Fig.130.Snail damage to cabbage, kangaroo paw Page240.Bird damage to roses Fig.132.Foliar nematode, symptoms(?) Page273.Hydrangea mosaic Page275.Ringspots on watermelon Page 277.Apple mosaic, tomato spotted wilt symptoms Page278.Tulip flower breaking Fig.138.Grapevine fanleaf, camellia yellow mottle Fig.139.Yellow net vein, flat limb Fig.141.Tomato spotted wilt, capsicum, tomato Fig.142.Thrips in dahlia flowers Fig.146.Tomato big bud on tomato Fig.147.Tomato big bud symptoms on gazania, parsnip Fig.148.Rose mosaic Fig.152.Bacterial blight of mulberry Fig.154.Crown gall symptoms on rhubarb and rose Fig.156.Bacterial canker of stone fruit Fig.159.Shothole damage to leaf Fig.160.Fungal leaf spot on strawberry Fig.161.Powdery mildew of euonymus Fig.162.Rust on antirhinum Fig.163.Petal blight on rose flowers Fig.177.Damping off Fig.185.Powdery mildew of euonymus Fig.192.Gall rust on wattle Fig.193.Rose rust Fig.196.Black spot on rose Fig.197.Anthracnose on rose Fig.199.Leaf curl symptoms on plum fruit Fig.202.Wood rot fruiting bodies and damage Page372.Damping off Pages380-382.Mistletoe, devil’s twine, dodder, broomrape Fig.212.Wood rot fungus in container Fig.213.Fairy ring in a lawn Fig.218.Sunscorch injury to capsicum and tomato Fig.221.Splitting of skin on tomato Fig.225.Oedema on umbrella leaf Fig.227.Leafrolling on rhodendron leaves Fig.230.Iron deficiency on rhodendron Fig.232.Blossom end rot on tomato Fig.233.Simazine injury to Prunus Fig.237.Lawnmower injury to base of tree Fig.238.Potbound roots Fig.239.Hail damage to fruit Fig.240.Chimera on tulip and apple Fig.241.Fasciation on rose Fig.242.Variegated leaf on citrus Fig.243.Burr knots on Prunus Figs.251,252,253.Herbicide injury Page462.Herbicide injury Fig.254.Weeds in container Copyright Insense/Desire Pest management Page92.Desire codling moth trap Copyright David Olsen Fig.148.Rose mosaic Copyright Western Australian Agriculture Authority, 2009 Fig.84.Gall wasp on Geraldton wax Wood and Grimm Copyright Pesticide and other product labels AgBiotech Agrimm Technologies Bayer Becker Underwood Bioglobal Chemtura Colin Campbells Crop Care Desire Dow AgroSciences Ecogrow Monsanto Multicrop Organic Crop Protectants Sanoway Scotts Australia SST Australia Syngenta UPL Valent BioSciences Yates iv
PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds CONTENTS Copyright ii Disclaimer iii Acknowledgements iv Contents v Preface xi Diagnostic and Information Services xiv Selected References xvi PESTS and DISEASES 1 PARASITIC PESTS AND DISEASES 3 Insects and allied pests 5 Snails and slugs 227 Vertebrate pests 239 Nematode diseases 251 Virus and virus-like diseases 273 Bacterial diseases 293 Fungal diseases 313 Parasitic flowering plants 377 NON-PARASITIC PESTS AND DISEASES 387 WEEDS 409 Glossary and Acronyms 475 Index 481 PESTS AND DISEASES 1 PARASITIC PESTS AND DISEASES 3 Insects and Allied Pests 5.. Biology 7 Why are insects successful? 8 What are insects? 9 External anatomy of adult insects 10 Integument (body covering) 12 Head 13 Thorax 15 Abdomen 16 Insect excretions 18 Insect secretions 19 Life cycles and growth 20 Metamorphosis 20 Diapause 21 Growth 22 Reproduction 23 Types of larvae 24 Blood system 26 Nervous system, communication 26 Plant damage 27 Host range 27 How insects damage plants 28 Direct feeding damage 29 Chewing damage 29 Piercing and sucking damage 31 Rasping and sucking damage 33 Indirect damage 34 Pest cycle 35 Overwintering, oversummering 36 Spread 37 Conditions favouring 38 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) 39 Control methods 40 Legislation 40 Cultural methods 40 Sanitation 41 Biological control 42 Resistant, tolerant varieties 45 Plant quarantine 46 Pest-tested planting material 47 Physical and mechanical methods 48 Insecticides, miticides 49 Resistance 56 Insecticide Mode of Action Groups (Table 2) 57 Bio-insecticides, spray oils, soaps, pheromones, etc (Table 3) 61 Identification and Classification 63 Orders of Insects 64 Order Diptera (flies, gnats, leafminers, midges, mosquitoes) 65 Fruit flies 68 Cineraria leafminer 73 Fungus gnats 75 Garden maggots 77 v
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Root structure of dock (Rumex spp.)
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PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds