PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS By the end of this topic, you should be able to do the following: 1. List the distinctive features of bacteria. 2. Explain how bacteria reproduce and infect host plants. 3. Describe symptoms on leaves, flowers, fruit, seed, seedlings, branches, trunks, crowns, roots, bulbs, corms and tubers produced by local bacterial diseases. Name 1 example of each. 4. Recognize by sight, crown gall, bacterial soft rot and other local bacterial diseases. 5. Distinguish between galls caused by crown gall from those caused by other agents: Root knot nematodes Nitrogen-fixing nodules Lignotubers Burr knots Gall wasps Rust fungi 6. Distinguish between bacterial and fungal leaf spots. 7. Describe State/Territory/Commonwealth legislation which provides for the control of bacterial diseases. 8. List control methods for bacterial diseases. Describe 1 example of each. 9. Describe how bacteria may be used to control insect pests of plants. 10. Describe bacterial diseases for which it is important to sterilize pruning tools between each cut during pruning operations. 11. Explain how bacterial seedborne diseases may be controlled. 12. Provide the active constituent, some trade names and some uses for 1 bactericide. 13. Provide the following information for crown gall and other local bacterial diseases: Common name ‘Overwintering’ Cause Spread Host range Conditions favouring Symptoms IDM & control methods Disease cycle 14. Prepare/access an IDM. program for a bacterial disease at your work or in your region. 15. Locate reference material and know where to obtain advice on the identification and control of bacterial diseases. SELECTED REFERENCES The Australasian Plant Pathology Society (APPSnet) www.australasianplantpathologysociety.org.au/ The American Phytopathology Society (APSnet) www.apsnet.org/ Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/ Fact Sheets by State/Territory Depts of Primary Industries are available online, eg Crown gall Bacterial Canker of Stone fruit Bacterial Spot of Stone fruit Organic standards AS 6000—2009. Standards Australia Organic and Biodynamic Products. Standards Australia. Organic Federation of Australia www.ofa.org.au For organic certifiers, products etc Quarantine Commonwealth quarantine www.daff.gov.au/aqis PaDIL - Pests and Diseases Image Library of diagnostic photographs and information on more than 1000 pests and more than 100 diseases www.padil.gov,au Target lists of weeds, insects, plant and animal pests and diseases. www.daff.gov.au and search for target lists State websites have information of certain bacterial diseases and quarantine restrictions in their states Bactericides Pubcris. APVMA. Canberra www.apvma.gov.au Infopest, Qld www.dpi.qld.gov.au/infopest Croplife Australia www.cropelifeaustralia.org.au/ MSDS www.msds.com.au/ Company websites make labels and MSDSs available Regional Orchard Pest & Disease Handbooks General Agrios, G. N. 2005. Plant Pathology. 5 th edn. Academic Press, NY. also 4 th edn 1997. American Phytopathological Society (APS) Press, St. Paul, Minnesota produces compendiums on diseases and pests of particular plants. www.shopapspress.org Anyango, J. J. and Odhiambo, B. O. 2000. Eradicating Crown Gall in Rosa hybrida Cultivars. American Nurseryman May 15. Bodman, K., Carson, C., Forsberg, L., Gough, N., Hughes, I., Parker, R., Ramsey, M. and Whitehouse, M. 1996. Ornamental Plants : Pests, Diseases & Disorders. Q196001. Qld DPI, Brisbane. Brown, J. F. and Ogle, H. J. (eds). 1997. Plant Pathogens and Plant Diseases. Rockvale Pubs., Armidale, NSW. Cooke, T., Persley, D and House, S. (eds) 2009. Diseases of Fruit Crops in Australia. CSIRO Pub., Melbourne. Fahy, P. C. and Persley, G. J. 1983. Plant Bacterial Diseases : A Diagnostic Guide. Academic Press, North Ryde, NSW. Goodwin, S., Steiner, M., Parker, R., Tesoriero, L., et al. 2000. Integrated Pest Management in Ornamentals : Information Guide. Agrilink. QAL0004, NSW Agric. Sydney. Goodwin, S. and Steiner, M. (eds). 2000. The Pests, Diseases, Disorders and Beneficials in Ornamentals – Field Identification Guide. DPI. Will be available as an electronic device for use in the field. Horst, R. K. (ed.). 2008. Westcott's Plant Disease Handbook. 7 th edn. eReference, originally published by Springer, NY. Janse, J. D. 2005. Phytobacteriology: Principles and Practice. CABI Pub., Wallingford. Jones, D. L. and Elliot, W. R. 1986. Pests, Diseases & Ailments of Australian Plants. Lothian Pub., Melbourne. McMaugh, J. 1994. What Garden Pest or Disease is that? Lansdowne Press, Sydney. Persley, D., Cooke, T. and House, S. 2010. Diseases of Vegetable Crops in Australia. CSIRO Pub., Melbourne. Ryder, M. H., Stephens, P., Bowen, G. D. (eds). 1994. Improving Plant Production with Rhizosphere Bacteria. CSIRO, Melbourne. Stephens, R. (ed.). 2001. Water Fogging and Misting Systems : Are they a Risk to Human Health. The Nursery Papers 2001/5, Melbourne. Streton, C. and Gibb, K. 2006. Phytoplasma Diseases in Sub-tropical and Tropical Australia. Australasian Plant Pathology 35, 129-146. Vadakattu, G. and Paterson, J. 2006. Free-living Bacteria Lift Soil Nitrogen Supply. Farming Ahead, Feb. Walker, G. 2006. Biocontrol Organisms and Human Health. Australasian Nematology Newsletter, Vol.7,1. 312 Bacterial diseases
PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds Fungal Diseases Wood rot fungus, spores are spread by wind. BIOLOGY, IDENTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION 314 No. diseases in Australia 314 Some distinctive features 314 Life cycle 314 Symptoms, damage 315 Identification 319 Classification of fungi 319 List of some fungal diseases 320 Nutrition and parasitism 324 How fungi infect host plants 324 Distribution within host plants 324 Disease cycle 325 Overwintering, oversummering 325 Spread 326 Conditions favouring 326 INTEGRATED DISEASE MANAGEMENT (IDM) 327 Control methods 328 Legislation 328 Cultural methods 328 Sanitation 328 Biological control 329 Resistant, tolerant varieties 329 Plant quarantine 329 Disease-tested planting material 330 Physical and mechanical methods 330 Fungicides 331 Resistance 337 Fungicide Activity Groups (Table 58) Disinfectants (Table 59) 343 338 Bio-fungicides, soaps, bicarbonates, milk, etc (Table 60) 344 EXAMPLES OF FUNGAL DISEASES 345 Powdery mildews 345 Downy mildews 348 Rusts 351 Black spot of rose 355 Peach leaf curl 358 Wood rots 361 Phytophthora root rot 364 Damping off 371 REVIEW QUESTIONS & ACTIVITIES 375 SELECTED REFERENCES 376 Fungal diseases - Biology, identification and classification 313
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Root structure of dock (Rumex spp.)
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PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds