PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds WHAT ARE PARASITIC PESTS AND DISEASES? PARASITIC. PESTS AND DISEASES PARASITIC PESTS AND DISEASES. are caused by LIVING agents (plants and animals) which damage plants by obtaining their food from them. Parasitism occurs where one organism benefits to the detriment of the other. Parasitic pests and diseases of plants commonly include: Insects and allied pests Snails and slugs Vertebrate pests Nematode diseases Virus and virus-like diseases Bacterial diseases Fungal diseases Parasitic flowering plants Other organisms such as algae and protozoa may also be parasitic but are not as commonly encountered. Fig. 1. Christmas beetle feeding on a eucalypt leaf. PhotoCIT, Canberra (P.W.Unger). Fig. 2. Rust pustules on the under surface of a geranium leaf. Photo NSW Dept. of Industry and Investment. NON-PARASITIC. PESTS AND DISEASES Although non-living agents cause plant damage in their own right, some create an environment favourable to the development of a parasitic problem, eg the fungus Phytophthora produces spores which can swim in water and infect poorly developing plant roots in overwatered potting mixes. NON-PARASITIC PESTS & DISEASES are caused by: LIVING. agents (plant and animals) which damage plants mechanically, or in some way other than by obtaining their food from them. Examples include leafcutting bees, dogs, cats, children, fairy rings, lichens and slime moulds. NON-LIVING. agents such as heat, frost, drought, waterlogging, lightning, pesticide injury, deficiencies and pollution. This group is almost infinite in number and type. Fig. 3. Hormone herbicide (2,4-D) injury to grapevine leaves. Thickened veins, reduced interveinal leaf area, pronounced saw-toothed leaf margins. Photo NSW Dept. of Industry and Investment. 4 PARASITIC pests and diseases
PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds Insects and Allied Pests Insect Mites Spider Springtails Millipede Centipede Slater BIOLOGY 7 Why are insects successful? 8 What are insects? 9 External anatomy of adult insects 10 Integument (body covering) 12 Head 13 Thorax 15 Abdomen 16 Insect excretions 18 Insect secretions 19 Life cycles and growth 20 Metamorphosis 20 Diapause 21 Growth 22 Reproduction 23 Types of larvae 24 Blood system 26 Nervous system, communication 26 PLANT DAMAGE 27 Host range 27 How insects damage plants 28 Direct feeding damage 29 Chewing damage 29 Piercing and sucking damage 31 Rasping and sucking damage 33 Indirect damage 34 Pest cycle 35 Overwintering, oversummering 36 Spread 37 Conditions favouring 38 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM) 39 Control methods 40 Legislation 40 Cultural methods 40 Sanitation 41 Biological control 42 Resistant, tolerant varieties 45 Plant quarantine 46 Pest-tested planting material 47 Physical and mechanical methods 48 Insecticides, miticides 49 Resistance 56 Insecticide Mode of Action Groups (Table 2) 57 Bio-insecticides, spray oils, soaps, pheromones, etc (Table 3) 61 Insects and allied pests - Biology 5
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Control methods Cultural methods.
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Root structure of dock (Rumex spp.)
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PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds