PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds FUNGICIDE APPLICATIONS. WHAT ARE FUNGICIDES USED TO TREAT? Bulbs, corns ALL PLANT PARTS, eg Foliage Stems, trunks, limbs, branches Flowers, fruit and seed Roots, bulbs, corms, tubers Seedlings, cuttings Stored fruit, vegetables, grain Soil, potting mixes Tools, benches Water Seeds Cuttings Nursery stock FORMULATIONS APPLICATION EQUIPMENT* Trolleypak Knapsack LIQUIDS, eg Emulsifiable concentrates Suspension concentrates Aqueous concentrates Liquid concentrate Liquid SOLIDS, eg Dust Granules Soluble powder Wettable powder OTHERS, eg Aerosol Fumigant Fungicide amended fertilizers Wetting agents, eg powdery mildews. The formulation is the product purchased Application equipment ranges from expensive large units to small ready-to-use convenient container-applicators. SPRAY EQUIPMENT, eg Hydraulic sprayers, eg knapsacks, trolleypaks, trailer sprayers, booms Air blast sprayers Mist blowers Truck sprayer Trailer sprayer Rotary atomizers Electrostatic sprayers Fog generators Aircraft OTHER EQUIPMENT, eg Dusters Granule dispensers/spreaders Tree injection, tree implants Soil injectors Vaporizers Boom sprayer Tree injection SELF-DISPENSING APPLICATORS, eg Dusters Guns Aerosols Duster Gun Aerosol 332 Fungal diseases - Integrated disease management
PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds NON-SYSTEMIC & SYSTEMIC FUNGICIDES Protectant & eradicant fungicides - Movement in plants NON-SYSTEMIC FUNGICIDES Protectant fungicides PROTECTANTS. Non-systemic fungicides are not absorbed by plant tissue and are only active at the site of application (contact between the fungicide and the fungus). They are often called protectant fungicides because they protect the host plant from initial infection and further infections. Most fungal spores infect the host during wet weather, the wet surface of the plant providing a suitable ‘seed-bed’ in which spores can germinate. When the plant is coated with a fungicide, some of the chemical will dissolve in the water on the surface of the host and the spores are killed before they can enter the host. Coverage must be thorough, make sure there is time for it to dry on the foliage. Because protectant fungicides are non-systemic, they only kill fungi on the outside of the host, they will not kill the fungus once it is inside the host plant! The fungicide must be applied before the spores land on leaves! Cross section of leaf No spray. Spores germinate and germ tubes penetrate leaf Spray applied after spores have germinated. Germ tubes and mycelium already within the leaf are not killed Spray applied before spores land on leaf. Spores are killed on the outside before germ tubes penetrate leaf. NON-SYSTEMIC. - FOLAGE, eg copper hydroxide copper oxychloride mancozeb sulphur NON-SYSTEMIC. - SOIL, eg Previcur , various (propamocarb) Terrazole (etridiazole) TMTD , various (thiram) . Advantages. of non-systemic fungicides include: – Often cheaper than systemic fungicides. – Less toxic (there are some exceptions). – Limited fungicide resistance. – Usually affect a number of metabolic pathways in the fungus, and tend to have a broad spectrum of activity. Disadvantages. of non-systemic fungicides include: – They must be applied before the arrival of the disease organisms, before symptoms are apparent or when the first symptoms appear. It must be applied before the fungus has actually been found but where it is expected. – All the foliage must be treated. – Rain or very windy weather may prevent fungicides being applied at the right time, so control may be difficult to achieve even with an effective fungicide. – The fungicide remains on the outside of the plant and so may be toxic to beneficial or other harmless organisms. – Regular applications may be necessary when plants are growing actively to protect new growth and because rain may wash protectant fungicides off the plant or they may deteriorate due to heat, light and rain. Fungal diseases - Integrated disease management 333
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Root structure of dock (Rumex spp.)
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