PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds LIST OF SOME COMMON NAME HOST RANGE VIRUS & VIRUS- OF VIRUS (not exhaustive) LIKE DISEASES Apple mosaic virus Rosaceae (apple, Prunus, rose), hop, horse chestnut Host range. Some viruses only infect 1 species or group of closely related plants, eg orchid fleck Others attack a wide range of plants including weeds, eg tomato spotted wilt virus Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) Beet western yellows virus Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) Camellia yellow mottle virus Cucumber mosaic virus (various strains) Cymbidium mosaic virus Iris severe mosaic virus . Kennedya yellow mosaic virus Ringspots on cymbidium. PhotoNSW Dept. of Industry and Investment (M.Senior). Not known in Australia Tulip breaking. Photo CIT, Canberra (P.W.Unger). Emerging diseases Phytoplasmas Greening, virescence Prunus necrotic ringspot virus Tobacco mosaic virus Most grasses, especially wheat, barley, oats, also maize, rise Beet, lettuce, spinach, sunflower, etc, native Cardamine spp. Ornamentals, eg gladiolus, sweet pea, violet; crops, eg legumes, bean; weeds. Camellia Mainly Cucurbitaceae, Solanaceae, wide range of ornamentals, crops, weeds Orchidaceae (most commercially grown orchids, eg cattelya, cymbidium) Iris (overseas also crocus) Kennedya, Desmodium, Indigofera Prunus, rose, hop Overseas, apple Wide host range, vegetables (especially tomato), ornamentals, weeds Plumpox virus, Sharka Prunus spp. disease Tomato spotted wilt virus Wide host range, vegetables, ornamentals, field crops, weeds Tulip breaking virus (note that some varieties have variegated flowers) Turnip mosaic virus Wheat streak mosaic virus Tomato leaf curl viruses Tulip, lilies Mainly Brassicaceae, other families, vegetables, ornamentals, weeds Wheat, and other cereals, grasses and grassy weeds Mainly Solanaceae, weeds, vegetables, ornamentals Candidatus phytoplasma Strawberry, papaya, grapevine, Citrus paradisi, red australiense has been associated with Australian clover, paddy melon, grapevine yellows, papaya pumpkin, French bean, dieback, yellows, chickpea, Cordyline strawberry green petal, etc australis. Tomato big bud phytoplasma (greening. viresence Wide host range, weeds. ornamentals, vegetables METHOD OF SPREAD No insect vector, vegetative propagation, mechanical inoculation, contact between plants, probably by pollen to the pollinated plant By many species of aphids, by grafting, not by mechanical inoculation, not by seed, not by pollen. Lost wheat production is estimated at > $8 million/year By many species of aphids, not by mechanical inoculation, not by contact between plants, not by seed, not by pollen By aphids, mechanically Vegetative propagation, grafting By more than 60 species of aphids (non-persistent), vegetative propagation, mechanical inoculation (hands, tools), sometimes seedborne No insect vector, vegetative propagation, mechanical inoculation, handling, tools, contact between plants By several species of aphid (nonpersistent), mechanical inoculation, not by plant contact No insect vector, vegetative propagation, mechanical inoculation, not by plant contact, not by seed or pollen No vector, vegetative propagation, mechanical inoculation, by grafting, contact between plants, by seed (variable), by pollen to seed, by pollen to pollinated plant No insect vector, by vegetative propagation, by grafting, by mechanical inoculation (handling, tools, contact between plants, cigarettes), sometimes by seed By several species of aphids, by grafting, by other means (?) By several thrips species eg onion, tomato and Western flower thrips; persistent, mechanical inoculation, by grafting, vegetative propagation, not by seed or by pollen By various species of aphids, mechanical inoculation, grafting, not by contact between plants, not by seed, not by pollen More than 40-50 species aphids especially cabbage and green peach aphid (nonpersistent), mechanical inoculation, not by seed By the wheat curl mite (eriophyid), seed transmission is considered to be extremely low, others? By silverleaf white fly. Not by seed, soil or from plant to plant byhandling By leafhoppers, by vegetative propagation, grafting, other (?) By the common brown leafhopper, vegetative propagation 278 Virus and virus-like diseases
. PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds LIST OF SOME VIRUS & VIRUS- LIKE DISEASES (contd) Over 16 virus and virus-like diseases can infect chrysanthemum worldwide, not all occur in Australia Viroids In practice, it is not always necessary to know the names of all the viruses which can infect a plant, but it is important to be able recognize virus symptoms, know how the viruses are spread and how losses may be minimized COMMON NAME OF VIRUS HOST RANGE (not exhaustive) METHOD OF SPREAD COMMENTS . VIRUSES AFFECTING CHRYSANTHEMUM Many annual and herbaceous plants may become infected with one to several virus diseases in the same way that they might be attacked by several insect pests or fungal diseases. Viruses affecting chrysanthemum include: Chrysanthemum B virus Tomato aspermy virus Tomato spotted wilt virus Chrysanthemum chlorotic mottle viroid Chrysanthemum stunt viroid Chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum, tree tobacco Wide host range, ornamentals, vegetables, weeds Chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum Vegetative propagation, many species of aphids, not by contact or seed Vegetative propagation, by aphids, not by contact Vegetative propagation, various species of thrips Vegetative propagation, vector (if there is one) is not known Vegetative propagation, contact, (transfer of infected sap from infected plants contacting healthy plants), contaminated knives, staff moving from diseased plants to healthy plants. A virus must be registered before it can be sold commercially in Australia Viruses can be genetically engineered . BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS Gemstar ® (nuclear Corn earworm (Helicoverpa polyhedrosis virus) armigera), native budworm (Helicoverpa NPV) (H. punctigera) on various crops ViVusMax, VivusGold (nuclear polyhedrosis virus) (NPV) EPVs (entomopoxyviruses) Cabbage white butterfly virus Corn earworm (Helicoverpa armigera) on various crops Locusts, grasshoppers, cane beetles, caterpillars, cockchafers Cabbage white butterfly to increase the Codling moth virus Codling moth speed at which they kill infected Lightbrown apple Lightbrown apple moth insects moth virus Potato moth virus Potato moth Bacteriophage Bacterial blight of geranium (a virus which attacks (Xanthomonas campestris) bacteria) . VIRUS DISEASES OF ANIMALS & HUMANS Foot and mouth Mostly cloven-hoofed animals, disease virus eg cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats, pigs, antelope, bison, deer Many, eg HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), influenza, measles rarely humans Humans Fig. 138. Left: Grapevine fanleaf virus symptoms. Right: Camellia yellow mottle virus symptoms. PhotoCIT, Canberra (P.W.Unger). Fig. 139. Left: Yellow net vein virus symptoms on geranium. Right: Flat limb virus symptoms on apple (both unconfirmed). PhotoCIT, Canberra (P.W.Unger). Virus and virus-like diseases 279
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Insect secretions PLANT PROTECTION
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Control methods Cultural methods.
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Root structure of dock (Rumex spp.)
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PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds