PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds SUMMARY & EXAMPLES. Fig. 250. HERBICIDES (page 450) POST-EMERGENT Foliage - Knockdown SOIL RESIDUALS NON- SELECTIVE SELECTIVE PRE-EMERGENT SOIL STERILANTS NON- SYSTEMIC Contact burns foliage SYSTEMIC Translocated to roots NON- SYSTEMIC Contact SYSTEMIC Translocated to roots NON- SELECTIVE SELECTIVE Basta (glufosinateammonium) Bioweed (pine oil) Sprayseed (diquat+paraquat) Shirquat (paraquat) Glyphosate (kills roots of annuals & perennial grasses & broadleaved weeds) DSMA Broadleaved weeds in grass crops Hormone herbicides, eg 2,4-D, dicamba MCPA Casoron Sierraron (dichlobenil) Dacthal (chlorthal-dimethyl) Ronstar (oxadiazon) Surflan (oryzalin) Simazine Exporsan (bensulide) Gallery (isoxaben) Diuron (diuron) Simazine (simazine) Grass weeds in broadleaved crops Fusilade (fluazifop-P) 448 Weeds - Integrated Weed Management
PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds RESISTANCE. WHAT IS RESISTANCE? Australia has a very high level of herbicide resistance Glyphosate resistant weeds have been confirmed in Australia, eg ARG, awnless ryegrass and liverseed grass. When growing herbicide-resistant crops take care that weeds in the crop do not become resistant to the herbicide being used. RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES Classification by Croplife Australia is according to how the pesticides kill the insect, fungi and weeds and is used for resistance management. It does not indicate toxicity, that some groups are more toxic than others as indicated by the signal headings on their labels (see page 237). Applications may fail for reasons other than resistance, eg Incorrect identification of the weed. Wrong herbicide may have been used. Applied at wrong time. Weather is unsuitable for application. Equipment not calibrated properly. Application errors, wrong rates, nozzles, etc. If resistance is suspected, resistance testing can be arranged. Herbicide resistance is the ability of a weed to survive a herbicide rate that would normally control it. If resistance develops, other herbicides, or more expensive, or less effective control methods, may have to be used. Once developed, herbicide resistance can persist for many years. Keep accurate records of herbicide usage. In 2005, in 40 countries, there were at least 178 documented cases of grass and broadleaf species of weeds resistant to herbicides belonging to most mode of action groups, including glyphosate. In Australia, weeds which are resistant to at least one mode of action group of herbicides include annual ryegrass (ARG, Lolium rigidum), wild oats (Avena spp.), barley grass (Hordeum leporinum), wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum), Indian hedge mustard (Sisymbrium orientale), common sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus), prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola) www.weedscience.org Cross-resistance. ARG shows what is known as cross-resistance which means that ryegrass which develops resistance to one herbicide will develop resistance to herbicides with similar modes of action. Conditions favouring herbicide resistance. – Most weed populations contain a small number of resistant plants able to survive an application of a particular herbicide. Repeated use/over-use of one herbicide, or other herbicides with the same mode of action, will kill susceptible weeds, but allow survivors to grow and multiply, these surviving resistant weeds become common. – Levels of resistant weeds depend on whether the grower uses non-chemical methods, as these influence herbicide group selection and application frequency. – In Australia ARG resistance is the world’s worst case of herbicide resistance. There are many reasons for this. Arguably ARG was once regarded as a valuable pasture grass (60 million acres of it). When these pastures were converted to crops, ARG became a weed of crops grown under minimum tillage and a reliance on herbicides for weed control. Also farming in Australia is extensive, with lower yields, no subsidies, and so lower rates of certain herbicides are applied than in other countries. Commercial herbicide resistance testing services operate for a range of grass and broadleafed weeds. Weed seed is collected at certain times of the year and screened for resistance to herbicides using various techniques. The number of resistant seeds per square meter can be monitored over a period of time to determine whether the resistant seed bank is increasing or decreasing. The effect of various cropping systems on the replenishment of resistant seed can also be determined. The application of herbicides must be part of an IWM program (page 429) which includes non-chemical methods, eg maximizing crop competition (pages 432, 433). Herbicide Resistance Management Strategies. – CropLife Australia has classified herbicides into mode of action resistance groups which indicate the mode of action of the herbicide on a metabolic process in the weed, ie how it kills or suppresses the weed (page 450, Table 72). Contact Croplife Australia for updates on classification and click on Resistance Management: www.croplifeaustralia.org.au/ – To minimize the development of resistance and prolong the life of existing herbicides, observe ABC…. groups on commercial herbicide labels. Follow resistance warnings. Rotate herbicides between different modes of action as recommended. Home garden products available from garden centres are not required to have herbicide mode of action groups on them. – CropLife Australia has also prepared Specific Guidelines for particular groups of herbicides and a List of Herbicide Resistant Weeds in Australia and Protection Guides for some crops, eg rice. There are links to the Glyphosate Sustainability Working Group, the Integrated Weed Management Manual and the Monsanto Australia’s Roundup Ready Flex® Cotton Technical Manual. Follow label instructions and warnings. which include resistance strategies. Application of some herbicides for control of some weeds is restricted in order to prevent or delay the likelihood of resistance developing. “Example” and “Company” are used in the following resistant weeds warning notice to avoid using specific herbicide or company names. RESISTANT WEEDS WARNING GROUP M HERBICIDE Example is a member of the Glycines group of herbicides. Example has the inhibition of EPSP synthase mode of action. For weed resistance management Example is a Group M herbicide. Some naturally occurring individual weed biotypes resistant to Example and other Group M herbicides may exist through normal genetic variability in any weed population. The resistant individuals can eventually dominate the weed population if these herbicides are used repeatedly. These resistant weeds will not be controlled by Example or other Group M herbicides. Since occurrence of resistant weeds is difficult to detect prior to use, Company accepts no liability for any losses that may result from the failure of Example to control resistant weeds. Growers must practice preventative resistance management strategies……… Weeds - Integrated Weed Management 449
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Page 503 and 504: Root structure of dock (Rumex spp.)
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PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds