PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds PLANT DAMAGE DIRECT FEEDING DAMAGE. Larvae (maggots) are responsible for most plant damage. LEAVES Leafmining, eg pittosporum leafminer, cineraria leafminer Galls, eg chrysanthemum gall midge FRUIT STEMS BULBS Maggot damage, eg fruit fly, ferment fly, metallic-green tomato fly Galls, eg chrysanthemum gall midge Borers, eg bean fly Maggot damage, eg bulb flies INDIRECT DAMAGE. During feeding, fruit fly maggots introduce decay organisms, eg bacteria and fungi, causing fruit rots. Fruit may be disfigured by the egg laying of female fruit flies (‘stings’). INJURIOUS HAIRS/BRISTLES, etc. Some flies are blood suckers, eg mosquitoes, and are pests of humans and animals. LIST OF SOME SPECIES Do not confuse with fruit flies Major fruit fly pests of commercial fruit. (many minor or non-pest species commonly found in traps) COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME HOST RANGE (maggots) (not exhaustive) FERMENT FLIES (Family Drosophilidae) Ferment fly, vinegar fly Drosophila spp. Associated with decaying fruit, etc. Used in genetics FRUIT FLIES (Family Tephritidae) Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly Ceratitis capitata Fruit in WA Queensland fruit fly (QFF) Bactrocera tryoni Fruit in Qld, NSW, Vic Lesser Queensland fruit fly B. neohumeralis Most commercial and many native fruit, Qld, north NSW Cucumber fly B. cucumis Cucurbits, tomato (Qld, NSW) Jarvis’s fruit fly B. jarvisi Fruit (Northern Australia, Qld, NSW) Banana fruit fly Mango fly B. musae B. frauenfeldi Banana, papaya, quince, Qld Banana, mango, citrus, guava Some destructive Malaysian fruit fly B. latifrons Malaysia, Solanaceous crops fruit flies Melon fly B. cucurbitae PNG, serious vegetable pest overseas not Asian papaya fruit fly B. papayae PNG, northern Torres Strait Australia Eradicated from Qld in 1999 Fruit fly monitoring Carambola fruit fly B. carambolae Sumbawa, Indonesia Oriental fruit fly B. dorsalis complex Vietnam, destructive pest of fruit currently present in is carried out in far north Queensland and the Torres Strait, WA, etc Mexican fruit fly Anastrepha ludens Central & south America, USA, Canada. Citrus, mango, etc Natal fruit fly Ceratitis (Pterandrus rosa) Africa, Indian ocean, many fruit New Guinea fruit fly B. trivialis PNG (Western Province) Philippines fruit fly B. philippinensis Philippines. Commercial fruit. Eradicated from Darwin, 1999 Breadfruit fly, jackfruit fly B. umbrosa Torres Strait, PNG, Indonesia, detected in traps in NT GALL MIDGES (Family Cecidomyiidae) Chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum gall midge Sorghum midge Citrus blossom midge Wattle gall fly Rhopalomyia chrysanthemi Contarinia sorghicola Cecidomya sp. C. acaciae- longifolia Serious pest of sorghum Citrus flowers Wattle Eucalyptus gall midge Harmomyia omalanthi Eucalypt Mushroom white cecid Heteropeza pygmaea Mushrooms 66 Insects and allied pests - Diptera (flies)
PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds LIST OF SOME SPECIES (contd) Bulb fly maggots Moth, sawfly and beetle larvae may also mine in leaves Not known in Australia Fungus gnat maggot Biological control agents Natural controls COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME HOST RANGE (maggots) (not exhaustive) GARDEN MAGGOTS (several families) Garden maggot Garden soldier fly Bibio imitator Exaireta spinigera HOVER FLIES (Family Syrphidae) Lesser bulb fly Eumerus tuberculatus Narcissus bulb fly Ampetia equestris Adults feed on nectar, larvae feed on decaying organic matter in compost heaps, etc Bulbs Bulbs LEAFMINER FLIES (Family Agromyzidae) Bean fly Ophiomyia phaseoli Maggots bore into stalks and stems of beans and related plants, but not broad beans Beet leafminer Liriomyza chenopodii Beet, spinach, wall flower and chickweed Cabbage leafminer L. brassicae Crucifers Vegetable leafminer L. sativae Fruit, vegetables and ornamentals Celery fly Melanagromyza apii Larvae bore into celery stalks Cineraria leafminer Chromatomyia Asteraceae eg cineraria, gazania, nasturtium syngenesiae chrysanthemum, lettuce, weeds, eg sow thistle, capeweed Pittosporumleafminer Phytobia pittosporphyllii Pittsporum spp., P. undulatum Soybean fly Malanagromyza sojae Soybean MIDGES (Family Chironomidae) Seedling bean midge Rice bloodworm Smittia macleayi Chironomus tepperi FUNGUS GNATS (several families) Fungus gnats Family Mycetophilidae Black fungus gnats Family Sciaridae Mushroom sciarids Lycoriella spp., Sciaridae SHORE FLIES (Family Ephydridae) Rice leafminer Hydrellia sp. Shore fly Scutella australiae Beans, cucurbits Rice Organic matter, decaying fungi in roots, root hairs All stages of mushrooms Rice, other plants Algae in greenhouses OTHERS (Many families) Atherigona Atherigona orientalis Damaged tomato fruit, rotting plant and animal matter Couchtip maggot Delia urbana New turf, especially couch Eucalyptus flies Metallic-green tomato fly Family Fergusoninidae Lamprolonchaea brouniana Eucalypt Tomato fruit. Do not confuse maggots with those of ferment or fruit flies Onion maggot Delia platura Onion, bean, brassicas, cucurbits Mosquitoes Family Culicidae Vector of human diseases, eg malaria, Ross River fever BENEFICIAL FLIES Elm leaf beetle fly Erynniopsis antennata Elm leaf beetle (Pyrrhalta luteola) Bathurst burr seed fly Euaresta bullans Bathurst burr Groundselbush gall fly Rhopalomyia californica Groundsel bush St John’s Wort midge Zeuxidiphosis giandi St John’s Wort Lantana seed fly Ophiomyia lantanae Lantana Mediterranean fly Sarcophaga penicilliata Pointed snail (Cochlicella acuta), proposed biological control agent Hover flies Snail-killing flies Robber flies Tachinid flies Crane flies Family Syrphidae Family Sciomyzidae Family Asilidae Family Tachinidae Family Tipulidae Some species are pollinators, larvae of some species are aphid predators Predators or parasites of snails Predators of many insects Parasitic on eggs of caterpillars, beetles, grasshoppers. Eggs laid on outside of insects, larvae feed inside Larvae feed on decaying plant material Insects and allied pests - Diptera (flies) 67
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Control methods Cultural methods.
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Root structure of dock (Rumex spp.)
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PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds