PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds Lacewings (Order Neuroptera), various species feed on black scales. Scale-eating caterpillar (Catablemma dubia) use remnant scale coverings to ‘ornament’ their grey parchment-like cocoons. Wasps. Larvae of some parasitic wasps prey on eggs of black and other soft scales. Adult wasps also kill scales by sucking their juice. – Fungal diseases. Several species, eg Nectria spp., a red-headed fungus (Fusarium coccophilum) and a felt fungus (Septobasidium sp.) may attack scales in warm moist autumns and cover scaleinfested branches with a white fungal growth. Commercially available. Some predators may be purchased, eg mealybug ladybird. Parasitic wasps (Metaphycus spp.) for the control of black scale and soft brown scale on citrus, olives and ornamentals are being researched. List of suppliers www.goodbugs.org.au/ Resistant varieties. Black scale has a wide host range but not all varieties of a particular species are susceptible, eg although all citrus varieties are susceptible to red scale, lemons are preferred. Plant quarantine. Avoid introducing infested stock, buds, grafts, or cuttings into the property or into the greenhouse. Inspect new arrivals. Lucid Keys www.lucidcentral.com/ and search for: Scale Insects: Identification Tools for Species of Quarantine Significance Pest-tested planting material. Only plant scale-free nursery stock. Physical & mechanical methods. Ants attracted to honeydew produced by soft scales can be controlled by applying thick sticky bands, insecticide sprays or baits around the base of trunks, to trap or kill the ants. Skirt pruning and good weed control prevents ants accessing trees. Insecticides. Avoid indiscriminate use of persistent broad spectrum insecticides which kill natural enemies. Timing. Spray when crawlers can be seen on leaves and twigs and no liquid exudes when old scales are squashed. Later stages have a protective waxy layer which makes them resistant to insecticides and spray oils. Spray oils control scales by suffocating the insect. Plants must be thoroughly sprayed. Oil will not kill eggs that are under the adult scales. – Evergreen trees, eg citrus, may be sprayed with petroleum oil in summer. – Deciduous trees (< 3 m high) may be sprayed with petroleum oil when trees are bare in winter. – Oil sprays also loosen sooty mould. – Caution when using oils. If oil is absorbed into the plant, injury will result. Oils vary in their ability to cause plant injury, the lower the viscosity of the oil the less likely it is to injure plants. Do not spray on days when shade temp is likely to exceed 35 o C and/or soil is dry. Ensure that the oil-water mixture in the spray is well agitated to prevent separation. Oils are available in varying degrees of refinement. If applied at the right time and with good coverage oil sprays will kill scale without injuring beneficial insects or the host. Contact chemicals are only effective against crawlers. Adult scales with their waxy coverings are difficult to kill with contact pesticides. Contact sprays are devastating to all beneficials. Systemic chemicals should give good control of adult scales that are actively feeding. Once the scale has stopped feeding it is too late to control it. Systemics are absorbed by the plants so beneficials are less exposed to them. Ants repel parasites and predators of black scale and spread scale around the property. Increased ant activity serves as a good guide to presence of crawlers of black and other soft scales. Table 31. Soft scales – Some insecticides. What to use? DECIDUOUS SHRUBS AND TREES, eg ash Spray oils, eg Pest Oil (petroleum oil), Bioclear , EcoPest Oil, SK-Enspray99 (paraffinic oil) EVERGREEN PLANTS, eg oleander, citrus Foliage sprays Group 1B, eg various products Group 3A, eg pyrethrin Group 4A, eg Confidor (imidacloprid) Group 7C, eg Admiral IGR (pyriproxyfen) Sprays oils, eg D-C-Tron Plus, Pest oil , Summer oil, White oil (petroleum oil); Bioclear l , BioPest l , EcoPest l Oil, various (paraffinic oil); Eco-Oil (botanical oil) Soap sprays were the original control for scales on the citrus tree growing at the back door of old homesteads Soil-applied insecticides Group 4A, eg Iniator (imidacloprid/fertilizer) – protects young eucalypts from insect pests including gumtree scale. Confidor Guard soil insecticide (imidacloprid) is registered for pink wax scale on citrus STEM INJECTION – LARGE TREES Various systemic chemicals are available to kill scale and other sap sucking insects, but they are difficult to control. When & how to apply? Dormant oil applications are the preferred spray for scales on deciduous plants. One spray is usually enough. They have few or no harmful effects on parasites and predators but require substantial amount of oil for control and there are no crawlers at that time. Oil sprays smother the scales, but do not kill the eggs under the adult scale. Apply after pruning where appropriate. Do not neglect small infestations. Apply sprays at the crawler stage, later stages are resistant to insecticides. Two sprays during each crawler stage are necessary because pesticides do not kill the eggs, the 2 nd spray, therefore, kills crawlers developing from the eggs still unhatched at the time of the 1 st spray. A 2 nd crawler stage may be present sometime in autumn. The main crawler stage is usually about mid- December to mid-January but timing will depend on observation of the stages present and increased ant activity. Ensure appropriate spray volumes are applied to thoroughly drench trees. Apply after badly infested areas have been pruned out, some scales can be washed off. Seek professional advice. Permits may be required for stem injection use. 166 Insects and allied pests - Hemiptera (bugs, aphids, etc)
PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds Fig. 113. Some armoured scales (Family Diaspididae) San Jose scale (Quadraspidiotus perniciosus) on apple. Pinkish discolouration around each tiny scale. PhotoCIT, Canberra (P.W.Unger). San Jose scale (Quadraspidiotus perniciosus) on trunk of a flowering cherry tree. Scales are tiny and look like specks of dust. PhotoCIT, Canberra (P.W.Unger) Red scale (Aonidiella aurantii) on citrus fruit. PhotoCIT, Canberra (P.W.Unger). Armoured scale on Russian olive (Eleagnus sp.). PhotoCIT, Canberra (P.W.Unger). Armoured scales on citrus twigs. Left: Red scale (Aonidiella aurantii). Right: White louse scale (Unaspis citri). PhotoNSW Dept of Industry and Investment. Rose scale (Aulacaspis rosae) on rose canes. Left: Small rectangular male scales. Right: Round female scales. PhotoCIT, Canberra (P.W.Unger). Insects and allied pests - Hemiptera (bugs, aphids, etc) 167
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Insect secretions PLANT PROTECTION
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Control methods Cultural methods.
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Root structure of dock (Rumex spp.)
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PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds