PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds Deficiencies blossom-end rot 395 iron deficiency 395 magnesium deficiency 395 molybdenum deficiency 395 Dermaptera (earwigs) 186-189 European earwig 188 Detection bacteria 295 fungi 319 insects 63 nematodes 256 viruses & virus-like organisms 276 Devil's twine (Cassytha) 381, 383, 385 Diagnostics & Information Services xiv Diapause (insects) 21 Dicotyledons (weeds) 415-417, 419-422, 460 Dipel 43, 59, 85, 88, 298 Diplopoda (millipedes) 9, 214 Diptera (flies) 65- 77 cineraria leafminer 73 fruit flies 66, 68 fungus gnats 75 garden maggots 77 garden soldier fly 77 Disease cycle bacterial diseases 299 fungal diseases 325 nematode diseases 259 virus & virus-like diseases 280 Disease-tested planting material bacterial diseases 303 fungal diseases 330 nematode diseases 264 virus & virus-like diseases 284 see pest-tested planting material see weed-tested planting material Disinfectants 343 Distinctive features bacteria 294 fungi 314 insects & allied pests 9 nematodes 252 parasitic plants 378 snails & slugs 228 virus & virus-like diseases 274 Distribution in host plants bacteria 299 fungi 324 insects 28-34 nematodes 259 virus & virus-like organisms 276 Dodder 381-385 Dog repellents 248 Dogs 242 Downy mildews 320, 348 Dragonflies 196 Earwigs 186 Eelworms see Nematode diseases Elephant weevil 102 Environment 392-394 Environmental weeds 415-418, 422, 470 Epiphytes 378 Etiolation 393 European earwig 188 European wasp 118 Excretions (insects) 18 Exocarpus (native cherry) 379 Exoskeleton (insects) 12 Eyes (insects) 13 Fact Sheets xi Fairy rings 387, 391 Fasciation 397 Fat hen 420, 460 Fireblight 297 Flat limb 279 Flies 65 Foliar nematode 254, 255, 257 Flower plantings (weeds in) 463 Food lures 44, 62 Frass 18 Freckle 317, 321 Frost/cold damage 390. 393 Frosted scale 163 Fruit bats 241 482 Index Fruit flies 66, 68 Fruit splitting 392 Fruit-tree borer 30, 96 Fumafert 62, 267 Fumigants 267 Fungal diseases 313-376 Fungicides 331-344 bio-fungicides, soaps, bicarbonates, milk, etc 344 broad spectrum (non-selective) 336 disinfectants 343 eradicants (systemic) 334 legislation 331` narrow spectrum (selective) 336 protectants (non-systemic) 333 resistance 337 fungicide activity groups 338-342 Fungus gnats 75 Gall wasps 118, 121 Garden maggots 77 Garden escapes 415 Garden Plants Under The Spotlight 415 Garden soldier fly 77 Gastropoda (snails & slugs ) 228 Gemstar 43, 88, 279 Genetic abnormalities 397 Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) 45, 88, 436 Genetic engineering (GE) 45, 88, 436 Gladiolus thrips 133 Glossary 475 GPUTS 415 Grapeleaf blister mite 206 Grapevine fanleaf 279 Grasshoppers 180, 181 Grass weeds 415, 418, 423-425, 461 Greenhouse thrips 131 Greenhouse whitefly 171 Greening 289 Green peach aphid 152 Grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) 316, 320, 371 Growth (insects) 22 Gumtree scale 163 Hail damage 396 Helicoverpa spp. 86 Hemi-parasites (plants) 378, 379 Hemiptera (aphids etc) 141-173 aphids 143, 145, 150-157 black peach aphid 32 cabbage aphid 150 green peach aphid 152 woolly aphid 155 bugs 142, 145, 147-149 crusader bug 148 lerp insects 158 mealybugs 144, 146 longtailed mealybug 160 scales 144, 146 armoured scales 167-170 black scale 164 San jose scale 168 soft scales 163-166 whiteflies 144, 146 greenhouse whitefly 171 Herbicide injury 457-460, 462 hormone herbicides 4, 452, 460, 462 simazine 395, 459 Herbicides 439-454 adjuvants, spray additives 455 application 440, 441 bio-herbicides 435 broadleaved weeds 460 broad spectrum (non-selective) 443-445, 448 contact (non-systemic) 442, 448 genetic engineering (of crops) 436 grass weeds 461 herbicide-resistant crops 436 post-emergents 446-448, 457 pre-emergents 446-458, 457 herbicide mode of action groups 450-454 legislation 439 marking systems 456 narrow spectrum (selective) 443-445, 448 parasitic plants 385 Herbicides (contd) resistance (to herbicides) 449 translocated (systemic) 442, 448 herbicide resistance 449 herbicide resistant crops 436 residual herbicides 447, 448 Herbicide marking dyes 456 Hermaphrodite 23 Honeydew 18 Hormone herbicides 4, 452, 460 Host ranges bacterial diseases 297, 298 fungal diseases 320-323 insects & allied pests 27 nematode diseases 257, 258 parasitic plants 379-382 snails & slugs 230 virus & virus-like diseases 278-279 Hydrangea mosaic 273 Hymenoptera (ants, etc) 114-128 ants 119 bees 115, 117, 118 callistemon sawfly 118 citrus gall wasp 121 cypress pine sawfly 118 European wasp 118 gall wasps 118, 121 leafblister sawfly 127 leafcutting bee damage 118 paper wasps 118 parasitic wasps 118 pear and cherry slug 123 predatory wasps 118 sawflies 116-118 steelblue sawfly 125 teatree sawfly 118 wasps 116-118 Identification xiv bacteria 295 fungi 319 insects 63 nematode diseases 256 non-parasitic problems 389 parasitic flowering plants 378 snails & slugs 229 virus & virus-like diseases 276 weeds 412 IDM see Integrated Disease Management Imperfect Fungi 320, 321 Infection of host plants bacterial diseases 299 fungal diseases 324 nematode diseases 259 virus & virus-like diseases 276 Insect anatomy (adult insects) 10 abdomen 10, 11, 16 head 10, 11, 13 thorax 10, 21, 15 Insecticides & miticides 49-62 Insect orders 64 Insects & allied pests 5-226 damage to plants 28-34 chewing damage 29, 30 piercing & sucking 31, 32 rasping & sucking 33 indirect damage 34 Insecticides, miticides 49-62 absorption by insects 53 acaricides, miticides 205, 208 applications 50 bio-insecticides, spray oils, soaps, pheromones 61, 62 broad spectrum (non-selective) 54 contact action (non-systemic) 51 fumigant action 53, 267 insecticide mode of action groups 57-60 narrow spectrum (selective) 54 resistance to insecticides 56 stomach action 53 toxicity to beneficial species 114 translocated (systemic) 51 when to apply? 55 Integument 12 Integrated Disease Management bacterial diseases 302 fungal diseases 327 nematode diseases 262 non-parasitic diseases 399 parasitic flowering plants 382 virus & virus-like diseases 283 xii
PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds Integrated Pest Management xii insects & allied pests 39 snails & slugs 233 vertebrate pests 243 Integrated Weed Management xii parasitic flowering plants 382 weeds 429 IPM see Integrated Pest Management Iron deficiency 395 Irradiation 48 Isopoda (slaters) 212 Isoptera (termites, white ants) 174 IWM see Integrated Weed management Jewel beetles 99, 103 Kangaroos 242 Katydids 180, 181 Lacewings 129 Ladybirds 42, 100, 104 Larvae (insects) 24, 25 Leaf beetles 103 Leafblister sawfly 127 Leafcutting bee damage 34. 391 Leafeating ladybirds 104 Leafhoppers 143, 145 leafhopper injury 31 Leaf insects, stick insects 193 Leafmining insects azalea leafminer 29 callistemon leafminer 83 cineraria leafminer 73 Leaf nematodes 254, 255 Leafrolling (environmental) 393 Leafrolling thrips 33, 132 Leaf spots bacterial diseases 296, 310 black spot of rose 355 fungal diseases 316, 321, 355 Legislation bacterial diseases 302 fungal diseases 328 insects & allied pests 41, 42, 45-49 citrus gall wasp 122 codling moth 91 fruit fly 70 nematode diseases 263 non-parasitic problems 400 parasitic flowering plants 383 snails & slugs 233 vertebrate pests 243, 244 virus & virus-like diseases 284 weeds 414, 431, 432, 439 Legs (insects) 10, 11, 16 broken limbs 22 Lenticels 299, 324, 393 (enlarged) Lepidoptera (butterflies, moths) 78-97 cabbage white butterfly 84 citrus butterfly 8, 29 codling moth 89 corn earworm 86 cup moth 82 fruit-tree borer 96 lightbrown apple moth 83 oriental fruit moth 93 painted apple moth 82 prolegs 16 webbing caterpillar damage 34 whitestemmed gum moth 82 Lerp insects 158 Lichens 388 Life cycles bacterial diseases 294 fungal diseases 314 insects & allied pests 20 nematode diseases 252 parasitic flowering plants 379-382 snails & slugs 231 virus & virus-like diseases 274 weeds (reproduction) 426 Lightbrown apple moth 83 Liverworts 391 Locusts 180 Longicorn beetles 111 Longtailed mealybug 160 Lures 44 codling moth 91 fruit fly 71 oriental fruit moth 95 Magnesium deficiency 395 Malacostraca (slaters) 212 Mantids (Mantodea) 195 Mealybugs 141, 144 longtailed mealybug 160 Mechanical injury 396 Mediterranean fruit fly 68 Metamorphosis 20 Metarhizium 43, 61, 103, 179, 184, 323 Microbial agents see Biological control agents Mice 241, 244, 247, 249 Milk 344 Millipedes 9, 214 Mistletoe 378, 380, 383-385 Mites 9, 199-208 grapeleaf blister mite 206 twospotted mite 202 Miticides 205, 208 Mode of action pesticide groups fungicide activity groups 338-342 insecticide mode of action groups 57-60 herbicide mode of action groups 450- 454 Mollusca (snails) 228 Molluscicides 235-237 Molybdenum deficiency 395 Monocotyledons (weeds) 415, 418, 423-425, 461 Moths 78 Moulting (insects) 22 Mouth parts insects & allied pests 14 nematodes 253 snails & slugs 228 spiders 209 Mullumbimby couch 418, 425 Mutations 397 Mycorrhizae 323 Myxomycota (slime moulds) 320 Native cherry 379 Nematicides 265-267 fumigant 267 non-fumigants 265, 266 Nematode diseases 251-272 Nervous system (insects) 26 Neuroptera (lacewings) 129 Nitrogen-fixing bacteria 298, 323 Nogall 298, 302, 306 Non-parasitic pests & diseases 387-408 Noxious weeds 414, 416-418 Nutgrass 418, 425 Nutrition & parasitism bacteria 299 fungi 324 Nutrient deficiencies 395 Nutysia floribunda 379 Odonata (dragonflies) 196 Odours 19 Oedema 393 Onion thrips damage 132 Organic systems (websites) 49, 331, 439 Oriental fruit moth 93 Orobanche (broomrape) 382-385 Orthoptera (locusts, etc) 180 Oversummering see Overwintering Overwintering bacterial diseases 300 fungal diseases 325 insects & allied pests 36 nematode diseases 260 snails & slugs 231 virus & virus-like diseases 281 weeds 426 Oviparity 23 Ovipositor 16 Ozone 396 Painted apple moth 82 Paper wasps 118 Parasitic flowering plants 377-386 Parasitic pests & diseases 3 bacterial diseases 293 fungal diseases 313 insects & allied pests 5 nematode diseases 251 parasitic flowering plants 377 snails & slugs 227 vertebrate pests 239 virus & virus-like diseases 273 Parasitic wasps 116-118 Parthenogenesis 23 Paspalum 418, 423, 461 Peach leaf curl 358 Pear and cherry slug 123 Pest cycle insects & allied pests 35 millipedes 215 mites 202, 203, 207 slaters 213 snails & slugs 231 spiders 209 springtails 198 Pesticides bactericides 303 fumigants 267 fungicides 331-344 herbicides 439-454 insecticides. miticides 49-62 molluscicides 235-237 nematicides 265-267 repellents (bird, cat, dog) 248 rodenticides 249 vertebrate pests 247-249 Pest management see IDM, IPM, IWM Pest-tested planting material insects, mites 47 snails & slugs 234 vertebrate pests 245 see disease-tested planting material see weed-tested planting material Petty spurge 416, 421, 460 Phasmatids 193 Phasmatodea 193 Pheromones 44, 62 codling moth 91, 92 oriental fruit moth 95 Physical & mechanical methods bacterial diseases 303 fungal diseases 330 insects & allied pests 48 nematode diseases 264 non-parasitic pests & diseases 402 parasitic flowering plants 385 snails & slugs 234, 235 vertebrate pests 246, 247 virus & virus-like diseases 285 weeds 438 Phytophthora root rot 318, 320, 364 Plague thrips 136 Plant growth regulators 403, 404 Plant quarantine bacterial diseases 303 fungal diseases 329 insects & allied pests 46 nematode diseases 264 parasitic flowering plants 384 snails & slugs 234 vertebrate pests 245 virus & virus-like diseases 284 weeds 436, 437 Poison glands 19 spiders 209, 211 Pollution 396 Post-emergent herbicides 446-448, 457 Powdery mildews 316, 345 Praying mantids 195 Predators assassin bugs 42, 144, 147 beetles 100, 101, 104 cats 244, 248 dragonflies 196 lacewings 129 ladybirds 42, 100, 101, 104 mites 42, 201, 203 praying mantids 195 slugs 230 wasps 42, 118 Pre-emergent herbicides 446-448, 458 Proclaimed weed 414 Proteoid roots 323 Prolegs 16 Pruinose scarab 108 Psyllids 158 Quarantine see Plant quarantine Queensland fruit fly 68 Index 483
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Insect secretions PLANT PROTECTION
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PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds