PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds CONTROL METHODS (contd) Select the right disinfestation system for your situation DISEASE-TESTED PLANTING MATERIAL. Seed. Many fungal diseases are carried on, in, or in association with, seed. Using disease-tested seed is an effective way of controlling these diseases, eg loose smut of cereals, various seedborne diseases of annuals and vegetables. Vegetative propagation material eg bulbs, corms, cuttings, rootstocks, may carry fungal diseases from the parent plant and are often treated with heat or chemicals to free them from disease. Special techniques are used to obtain disease-freedom, eg – Tip cuttings from chrysanthemums infected with Verticillium wilt, often escape carrying the disease. – Continuous culture-indexing includes regular checks of plant material for fungal infection, eg Verticillium (and other diseases) over a 2-year period. Accurate records mean that contaminated plant lines can be destroyed. Certification Schemes provide the grower with seed or vegetative propagation material, which is “guaranteed free” from the diseases for which it has been tested and found to be free from. The planting material conforms to certain standards and certain tolerances for a disease. Zero tolerances may apply to a disease (or pest) that if detected on a property, would result in severe quarantine restrictions. PHYSICAL & MECHANICAL METHODS. Temperature – Hot water treatment (HWT) of rootstocks, rootlings and cuttings. Surface treatments, eg 55 o C for 5 minutes, eliminate root rotting fungi, bacteria, phylloxera and nematodes from grapevine propagation material. – Aerated steam is used to rid seeds of fungal and other diseases. Soil pasteurization (60 o C for 30 minutes) will kill Thielaviopsis (Chalara) in soil. – Composting, properly carried out (60 o C for 30 minutes or longer will kill most soil disease organisms, while leaving some beneficial ones. – Sterilizing recycled water by heat. 10 seconds at 95 o C - Kill 100% disease organisms 30 seconds at 95 o C - Kills nearly everything Lower temperatures may be used for longer periods. – Solarization prior to planting traps energy from the sun under clear plastic sheeting laid on soil beds for at least 4-6 weeks when there is adequate sun. Soil may be heated to a depth of 30-25cm and summer soil temperatures can rise to 60 o C which may assist control of some soil fungal diseases; acts a bit like pasteurization with steam. Water beds before solarization to improve control. Home gardeners can put media in plastic bags and leave in sun for 2-3 weeks. Solarization is not possible in mixed or perennial plantings, difficult in large areas and depth of treatment is limited (pages 373, 438). – Flame burners can be used to burn crop stubble after harvest, eg wheat. But this causes loss of nutrients and increased wind erosion (page 438). – Cooling and freezing is used extensively to control bacterial and fungal diseases of fruit, vegetables, cheese, milk and other food products. – Pasteurization of soil/media can be used to treat potting and propagation media in nurseries to kill most plant disease organisms that cause damping off, leaving some beneficial microflora (aerated steam at 60 o C for 30 minutes). Prevent infested soil from re-contaminating pots, potting mixes, cuttings, germinating seeds and seedlings on benches. Because soilless mixes are used today, pasteurization has mostly been abandoned or used for treating pots and trays. Principal substitutes are bark and sawdust which when composted provides conditions for a huge growth of microorganisms several of which suppress plant disease organisms. – ‘Smart films’ either block or allow through different wavelengths of light which biologically affect the plants, pests and diseases growing beneath them. They have been used overseas to eliminate bacteria, fungi and viruses. Flora-Fresh is a protective packaging film which absorbs ethylene to minimize moisture loss and damage in transportation and optimizes shelf-life and natural colour of each bunch. Irradiation destroys microorganisms, eg bacteria and fungi, and insects, eg weevil, fruit flies, and therefore can reduce the incidence of food-borne diseases and extend the refrigerated shelf life of foodstuffs. Some non-edible items are irradiated in Australia. Microwaves can be used to disinfest small quantities of media or soil. Pulsed UV light kills bacteria and fungi on the skin of many kinds of fruit improving fruit quality and extends shelf life. Also effective in hydroponic units against Pythium, Fusarium and Thielaviopsis. Heat treatment and UV light are currently the most popular methods of disinfecting recirculating nutrient solutions in the Netherlands. UV light is well-known in nursery circles for its ability to eradicate water-borne micro-organisms, eg Phytophthora, Pythium, Fusarium (Rolfe et al 2002). Filters are used to remove disease organisms from water. – Membranous filters remove the disease organisms which are causing the problem. Correct filters must be used. – Slow sand filtration (SSF) is used to disinfest recycled water or irrigation water from on-site dams to eliminate disease organisms, eg Phytophthora and Pythium. SSF is only partially effective at filtering Fusarium, viruses and nematodes. – Biofilters are used to treat run-off, rain and industrial waste water overseas. They consist of a medium of heavy scoria and a rotation system. Bacteria are added and multiply on the scoria grains and eliminate all fine organic matter including Fusarium, Phytophthora, Pythium and tomato mosaic virus. Non-harmful flora is retained. 330 Fungal diseases - Integrated disease management
PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds CONTROL METHODS (contd) FUNGICIDES. LEGISLATION. Commonwealth legislation provides for a national system of pesticide registration up to the point of sale. Registration is the responsibility of the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA). APVMA www.apvma.gov.au/ and search PUBCRIS for registered chemicals or purchase Infopest www.dpi.qld.gov.au/infopest AS 6000—2009. Organic and Biodynamic Products (Standards Australia) outlines the minimum requirements to be met by growers and manufacturers wishing to label their products To check for products permitted in organic systems AS 6000—2009. Organic and Biodynamic Products www.standards.org.au/ Organic Federation of Australia (OFA) www.ofa.org.au/ Biological Farmers of Australia www.bfa.com.au/ National Association for Sustainable Agriculture, Australia (NASAA) www.nasaa.com.au/ Organic Growers of Australia (OGA) www.organicgrowers.org.au/ State/Territory/Regional legislation currently regulates the use of pesticides. However, it is intended that there be a national system. All persons using pesticides commercially must undergo training in the safe handling and use of pesticides. FUNGICIDE APPLICATIONS. Fungal diseases are generally more difficult to control/suppress with fungicides than insects, other animal pests and weeds, this is because the fungus itself is a very simple plant living in close quarters with another plant. Root, crown and stem rots and wilt diseases, are also more difficult to control with fungicides than foliage diseases, eg powdery mildews. Fungicides often just suppress root diseases; they do not eradicate them. Repeated application of fungicides may kill some beneficial microorganisms and so change the composition flora on leaves and soil to some extent. Some such as Trichoderma spp. are considered to have some tolerance to a variety of fungicides Fungicide applications (page 332). Non-systemic & systemic fungicides (movement plants, page 333). Summary and examples (page 335). Non-selective & selective fungicides (page 336). When should fungicides be applied? (page 336). Resistance (page337). Fungicide Activity Groups (page 338, Table 58). Disinfectants (page 340 (Table 58) and page 343 (Table 59). Bio-fungicides, soaps, bicarbonates, milk, etc (page 344, Table 60). Fumigants (page 267). Contact CropLife Australia for updates of Fungicide Activity Groups www.cropelifeaustralia.org.au/ Fig. 182. Some fungicide labels. Fungal diseases - Integrated disease management 331
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Root structure of dock (Rumex spp.)
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PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds