PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds Snail baits may kill natural predators BIOLOGICAL CONTROL. Predators. – Naturally occurring predators of snails and slugs include birds, rats, frogs, nematodes and lizards but none provide much control. Some extinction of land snails on Lord Howe Island is possibly due to rats and possibly pigs. Poultry scratch the ground. – Ducks are used to control snails and slugs in citrus orchards. About 5-8 ducks/ha are sufficient if run continually. Use only active breeds such as Khaki Campbell or Indian Runner. Have only 1 drake per flock of about 12 ducks. House ducks in or near the orchards and lock them up at night. Feed ducks only in the evenings and at their quarters. Do not allow ducks access to water in which they can swim. Do not use poison baits where ducks are run. In a small orchards and urban gardens, ducks may be messy, a nuisance and damage many herbaceous plants. – The decollate snail (Rumina decollata) is a voracious predator of snails and slugs and their eggs; also feeds on plant matter. – Several native species of snails and slugs are also predators. Predators. – Nemaslug (Phasmarhabditis sp.) parasitizes snails and is available overseas for high value protected crops. Newly hatched snails are very susceptible to nematodes some of which occur naturally. Practices which increase the number of bacteriasnails. Other species are researched in Australia. feeding soil nematodes, eg soil organic matter, may increase mortality of young – A parasitic female fly (Sarcophaga penicillata) places larvae (maggots) in the opening of shells of the pointed or conical snail (Cochlicella acuta) which is a major pest cereal crops in SA. Fly larvae feed on resting snails, pupate and emerge as adult flies from the dying snail after about 128 days. It is hoped that the fly can regulate pointed snail numbers below the level of economic concern, that it will become established in infested areas and eliminate the need for molluscicides. – A blowfly (Amenia imperialis) parasitizes the garden snail (Helix aspersa). RESISTANT, TOLERANT VARIETIES. Where desired plant species are not as important as in home gardens, avoid plants very attractive to snails and slugs, eg honesty (Lunaria sp.), hosta. PLANT QUARANTINE. Australian Quarantine & Inspection Service (AQIS). – The giant African snail (GAS) has already reached Australia several times and is regularly seized during quarantine inspections on cargo and containers from East Timor and north of Australia. The European edible snail (Helix pomatia) is also a prohibited import to Australia. Copper-based repellents on containers can discourage snails from entry to Australia. – To be approved as a citrus exporter to the US, citrus growers in Australia must go through a snail approved and accreditation program to ensure fruit is not contaminated with a small brown snail (Microxeromagna vestita). – Soil which might carry snail eggs, etc is a prohibited import. – Lucid key - A key to the Families Non-Marine Molluscs of Quarantine Concern in Australia. www.lucidcentral.com/ Interstate and Regional Quarantine. The green snail was introduced into WA from Southern Europe and North Africa and eradication has been unsuccessful. It is hoped that it will not spread to the eastern states. Cut flowers in WA must be inspected and certified free from green snails before sale to the eastern states. If you suspect green snail in WA has moved into you garden or property contact your local Dept. of Agriculture office. ‘Local’ quarantine. Snails can be carried on plants or they may hitch a lift on containers purchased from nurseries and especially fetes. Check material being brought into your property. Control movement of machinery and produce to reduce further spread of snails on property. PEST-TESTED PLANTING MATERIAL. Specially developed screens float snails off during wheat harvest operations. A maximum limit of 1 snail/200g Australian lupin seed is allowed at present. Beer trap PHYSICAL & MECHANICAL METHODS. Traps – Food traps. Beer (fermented malt) can trap, poison and drown nearby slugs and snails. Check traps daily and maintain regularly to ensure beer is fresh and deep enough for drowning. A little brown sugar or treacle and a small amount of flour increases its efficiency. Other attractants include milk, solutions of Marmite or Vegemite , small heaps of fresh bran sweetened with a minimum amount of castor sugar. Snails or slugs may recover from their drunken stupor and climb out so the sunken beer traps must be vertical to prevent them from crawling out. – Shelter traps include upturned pots, sacks, boards, orange skins. The hiding places must be inspected daily and sheltering snails and slugs destroyed. Check traps daily and remove accumulated pests. 234 Snails and slugs
PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds CONTROL METHODS (contd) Burning before rolling can greatly reduce the populations of snails and slugs Barriers – Rough mulches around plants act as a barrier to snails and slugs which require a moist smooth surface on which to move. This has limited practicality as snails and slugs (and eggs) must be outside the barriers when these rough mulches are put in place and there must be no bridges across them. Suitable mulches include coarse wood chips, coco mulch, bark, sawdust, sand or wood ash (2-3 cm deep), crushed egg shells (keep in frig or microwave a couple of days before using). – Mosquito netting can be placed over young seedlings. – Copper repellent barriers, eg bands, tape, copper-coated pot feet, and rings and paint strips 10 cm wide, can be used to band planter boxes and tree trunks. Copper tape can be partially buried in the ground and copper can be spread around legs of benches. When snails and slugs make contact there is a toxic reaction which repels them. Do before warm weather when snails become active. Lines of lime, copper sulphate are repellent and used to prevent migrations into crops. – Tiny electric fences (10 cm above soil) are effective but extremely expensive. – Do not use salt to destroy snails and slugs as it will increase media salinity. Treating standing stubble – Rolling, harrowing or slashing stubble kills resting snails by dislodging them o from vegetation onto the ground on a hot day (temperature > 32 C below 50% humidity) forces them to move over hot ground, they die by desiccation. Best - soil o o surface is > 40 C, day temp > 35 C, low humidity, nights warm and dry. – Burning infested stubble or herbicide-killed pasture, precipitates wind erosion and interferes with stubble retention methods of farming. There must be a sufficient fuel load and few rocks for snails to hide under. – Rakes on the front of harvesters could reduce contamination of harvested grain. Robot-type machines are being researched overseas which sweep over the ground identifying slugs by their shape, picking them up, dropping them in a hopper at the rear of the machine. There bacteria digest the slugs at the same time as releasing a gas to power the machine. Keep pots off ground (about 3 cm) using easy-to-handle boards (30 cm x 30 cm) to allow snails and slugs to crawl underneath. Home made baits. Just because a pesticide is a natural botanical extract it should not be assumed improperly handled and prepared, it can be just as hazardous, if not MOLLUSCICIDES. Chemical control is most effective when used in combination with sanitation. The main molluscicides are metaldehyde, methiocarb, iron-edta, iron phosphate and copper. They can be expensive and their effectiveness is influenced by soil and weather conditions. Resistance. Exposure to prolonged periods of metaldehyde can induce resistance in white bradybaena snails (B. similaris) overseas (Salmijah et al 2000). Some slug species may be naturally tolerant to methiocarb. On edible crops, check current registration status. Barriers. Copper can be spread around the legs of benches. Baits (page 236, Table 47). – Taste deterrents. Some types of baits must be formulated with taste deterrents. – Some types of baits are mould resistant. Decaying pellets on plants such as lettuce can promote mould development. – Pellets and granules are more weather resistant than powders. – Defender (metaldehyde) breaks down rapidly in direct sunlight. It kills snails and slugs by dehydration, as a snail's body is 90% water, when dead there is only an empty shell! Do not water heavily for at least 3-4 days after application, as they may rehydrate and recover. Toxic to non-target animals. Do not allow contact with any edible portions of any food or feed crop. Phytotoxic to some plants, eg daylilies, clematis, don’t apply to dry soil. Metaldehyde baits are less effective during damp, overcast weather than those containing methiocarb, but are cheaper to purchase. – Baysol (methiocarb) is an anticholinesterase compound, affecting the nervous system of snails and slugs. Toxic to non-target animals. – Multiguard (iron-edta) contains iron which is toxic to snails and slugs but has low toxicity to non-target animals. – Enviroguard (iron phosphate) contains iron which is toxic to snails and slugs but has low toxicity to non-target animals. – Socusil (buffered copper complex). – To improve performance of baits mow, cultivate or spray weeds along tree and fence lines prior to baiting. As snails congregate along crop edges, fencelines, etc. It can be cost effective to apply baits in these regions, before they invade large areas especially if numbers are large. – Home gardeners would mostly use baits as snails and slugs are mostly hiding underneath bricks and pots, where aerosols and sprays would not be effective. Snails and slugs 235
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Insect secretions PLANT PROTECTION
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Control methods Cultural methods.
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Root structure of dock (Rumex spp.)
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PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds