PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ACTIVITIES By the end of this topic, you should be able to do the following: 1. List the distinctive features of viroids, viruses and phytoplasmas and describe the features they have in common as well as those that are different. 2. Explain how viruses are named. 3. Describe symptoms on leaves, flowers, fruit and stems produced by local virus and virus-like diseases. Name 1 example of each. 4. Describe how viruses infect host plants and are distributed within a plant. 5. Explain the following terms: Name 1 example of each. Chlorosis Mosaic Latent virus Masked virus 6. Recognize by sight, local virus & virus-like diseases. 7. Distinguish between leaf symptoms caused by virus and virus-like diseases from symptoms caused by other agents on selected plants, including: Insect attack Greenhouse whitefly Lace bugs Leafhoppers Thrips Twospotted mite Non-parasitic agents Deficiencies Genetic variegation Pesticide injury Senescence 8. Describe the following procedures used to determine the presence of virus in a plant: Electron microscopy ELISA Indexing DNA 9. Describe 4 ways by which viruses ‘overwinter’. Name 1 example of each. 10. Describe 4 ways by which viruses spread. Name 1 example of each. 11. Explain the importance of insects in spreading virus diseases. 12. Why should one not smoke when handling young tomato plants? 13. Pesticides have limited use in the control of some virus and virus-like diseases. Explain. 14. Describe conditions which favour some virus diseases. Name 1 example of each. 15. Describe State/Territory/Commonwealth legislation which provides for the control of virus & virus-like diseases. 16. List control methods for virus & virus-like disease. Describe 1 example of each. 17. Explain the term ‘disease-tested’. 18. Provide the following information for tomato spotted wilt virus, virus diseases of roses and other local virus diseases: Common name Cause Host range Symptoms Disease cycle ‘Overwintering’ Spread Conditions favouring IDM & Control 19. Describe how viruses may be used to control insect pests. Name 1 example. 20. Prepare/access an IDM. program for a virus or virus-like disease at your work or in your region. 21. Locate resource material and know where to obtain advice on the identification and control of virus and virus-like diseases. SELECTED REFERENCES The Australasian Plant Pathology Society (APPSnet) includes the Plant Virology Working Group www.australasianplantpathologysociety.org.au/ The American Phytopathology Society (APSnet) www.apsnet.org/ Nepoviruses and Their Diagnosis in Plants - www.daff.gov.au/ba/publications/nepoviruses Qld DPIF 2007.Thrips and Tospovirus: A Management Guide. avail online Plant Virus Newsletter, Export controls for pathogens Fact Sheets by State/Territory Depts of Primary Industries are available online, eg Virus Diseases of Carnations Virus Diseases of Daphne Quarantine Commonwealth quarantine www.daff.gov.au/aqis PaDIL - Pests and Diseases Image Library of diagnostic photographs and information on more than 1000 pests and more than 100 diseases www.padil.gov,au Target lists of weeds, insects, plant and animal pests and diseases. www.daff.gov.au and search for target lists State websites have information of viruses and quarantine restrictions in their states General Agrios, G. N. 2005. Plant Pathology. 4 th edn. Academic Press, NY. also 4 th edn 1997. American Phytopathological Society (APS) Press, St. Paul, Minnesota produces compendiums on diseases and pests of particular plants. www.shopapspress.org Barnett, O. W. and Sherwood, J. L. 2009. (eds). Virus Diseases of Plants : Image Database Collection CD. APS Press www.shopapspress.org Brown, J. F. and Ogle, H. J. (eds). 1997. Plant Pathogens and Plant Diseases. Rockvale Pub., Armidale, NSW. Brunt, A. A., Crabtree, K., Dallwitz, M. J. and Gibbs, A. J. 1996. Viruses of Plants. CABI, UK. Buchen-Osmond, C., Crabtree, K., Gibbs, A. and McLean, G. (eds). 1988. Viruses of Plants in Australia. RSBS, ANU, Canberra. Buczacki, S. and Harris, K. 2005. Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants. 3 rd edn. HarperCollins, London. Cooke, T., Persley, D and House, S. (eds). 2009. Diseases of Fruit Crops in Australia. CSIRO Pub. Cooper, J. I. 1994. Virus Diseases of Trees and Shrubs. Chapman & Hall, NY. Hadidi etc al. 2002. Viroids. USDA. CSIRO Pub. Horst, R. K. (ed.). 2008. Westcott's Plant Disease Handbook. 7 th edn. eReference, originally published by Springer, NY. Hull, R. 2002. Matthews’ Plant Virology. Academic Press, NY. McMaugh, J. 1994. What Garden Pest or Disease is That? Lansdowne Press, Sydney. Persley, D. M.,Sharman, M.Thomas, T., Kay, I. Heisswolf, S. and McMichael, L. 2008. Thrips and Tospovirus: A Management Guide. Qld DPI, Brisbane. avail online Persley, D., Cooke, T. and House, S. 2010. Diseases of Vegetable Crops in Australia. CSIRO Pub. Streton, C. and Gibb, K. 2006. Phytoplasma Diseases in Sub-tropical and Tropical Australia. Australasian Plant Pathology 35, 129-146. 292 Virus and virus-like diseases
PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds Bacterial Diseases Bacterial gall of oleander. Galls may develop on all aboveground parts of the plant, including the flowers. BIOLOGY & IDENTIFICATION 294 No. diseases in Australia 294 Some distinctive features 294 Life cycle 294 Classification 295 Identification 295 Symptoms 295 List of some bacterial diseases 297 Nutrition and parasitism 299 How bacteria infect host plants 299 Distribution within a plant 299 Disease cycle 299 Overwintering, oversummering 300 Spread 300 Conditions favouring 301 INTEGRATED DISEASE MANAGEMENT (IDM) 302 Control methods 302 Legislation 302 Cultural methods 302 Sanitation 302 Biological control 302 Resistant, tolerant varieties 303 Plant quarantine 303 Disease-tested planting material 303 Physical and mechanical methods 303 Bactericides 303 EXAMPLES OF BACTERIAL DISEASES 304 Crown gall 304 Bacterial canker of stone fruit 307 Bacterial leaf spots 310 REVIEW QUESTIONS & ACTIVITIES 312 SELECTED REFERENCES 312 Bacterial diseases 293
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Insect secretions PLANT PROTECTION
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Control methods Cultural methods.
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Root structure of dock (Rumex spp.)
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PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds