PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds Overwintering, oversummering ‘Overwintering’ describes how the pest carries over from one season to the following one, ie either over winter (for pests active in summer) or over summer (for pests active in winter). KNOWLEDGE ESSENTIAL FOR CONTROL MEASURES Where does the pest ? fruit, seed, leaf, root, host debris, soil? SOME INSECTS ‘OVERWINTER’ IN SEVERAL STAGES, eg In coastal areas, the Queensland fruit fly can ‘overwinter’ as maggots in fruit and as adults. MANY INSECTS MAY ‘OVERWINTER’ IN SEVERAL PLACES, eg Cabbage white butterfly as pupae on attached to the host or nearby object. Codling moth on the trunk of the host and on litter on the ground. KNOWLEDGE OF STAGES AND PLACES Knowledge of the stages which ‘overwinter’ (adults, eggs, etc) and the places where they occur (host, alternate weed hosts, seed, plant debris, soil, etc) is used to develop control measures. For pests which ‘overwinter’ on/in: Deciduous hosts, dormant sprays can be applied, eg Grapeleaf blister mite Rose scale Alternate hosts, these may be removed and destroyed - important for effective control, eg Cineraria leafminer (host plants, weed hosts, eg sow thistle) Gladiolus thrips (volunteer gladioli plants from previous crops) Propagation material, pest-free cuttings and seed must be selected, eg Chrysanthemum gall midge (on chrysanthemum cuttings) Bean weevil (in bean seed) Litter and trash from the crop, removal and destruction of such plant residues contribute to their control and may be compulsory, eg Codling moth Fruit fly Soil, control measures of some type may be required. ON THE HOST PLANT Azalea leafminer Black scale Cabbage white butterfly Codling moth Grapeleaf blister mite Oriental fruit moth Mealybugs - Larvae in cocoons under leaves - Nymphal stages - Larvae in pupae - Larvae in cocoons on trunk - Adult mites under bud scales - Larvae in cocoons on trunk - Eggs on roots, stems, other plant parts ALTERNATE HOSTS Cineraria leafminer Greenhouse thrips - Host plants, including weed hosts - Host plants including weed hosts SEED, OTHER PROPAGATION MATERIAL Rice weevil Bulb mites Scale - Eggs, larvae, pupae in seed - Mites, eggs on bulbs - Adults, eggs on cuttings, nursery stock HOST DEBRIS, LITTER, ETC Codling moth Driedfruit beetle Oriental fruit moth Twospotted mite - Larvae in cocoons on stable litter - Adults or larvae in fallen fruit - Larvae in cocoons in mummified fruit and on stable litter - Adult females shelter in litter and trash SOIL Scarab grubs remain dormant in winter Grapevine moth Pear and cherry slug Plague locust Steelblue sawfly Corn earworm Scarab beetles - Larvae in cocoons - Larvae in cocoons - Eggs in soil - Larvae in cocoons - Pupae - Larvae 36 Insects and allied pests - Plant damage
PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds Spread Many control measures are designed to prevent spread of a pest either within a crop, within a state, between states or into and out of Australia. This principle is the basis of quarantine. Computer software packages can predict the spread of pests, diseases, weeds and beneficial organisms. They can also define areas at risk from colonization by pests and alternative control strategies including appropriate quarantine measures. FLIGHT WIND Moth CRAWLING INFESTED PLANT MATERIAL SOIL Cuttings HANDS, SHOES, CLOTHING, VEHICLES MOST ADULT INSECTS HAVE WINGS AND SO CAN FLY Some insects can fly great distances, eg – Wanderer butterfly, Australian plague locust. – Monarch butterflies, the world’s largest migrant butterfly has a wing span of up to 10 cm, migrates between North America and Mexico. – Bogong and corn earworm moths migrate long distances in the eastern states of Australia. Some are not very strong fliers, eg – Azalea leafminer (adult moths can only fly about 1 metre). – Gladiolus thrips ability to spread through a crop is assisted by wind. – Codling moths only fly about 100 metres but are also assisted by wind. FLIGHT MAY BE ASSISTED BY WIND, AIR CURRENTS, STORMS, eg Twospotted mites may be spread on windblown leaves. Storms and hurricanes over-ride weather systems, eg monarch butterflies can be blown off course, eg from North America to Britain. Currant-lettuce aphid is thought to have been to blown by wind to Tasmania from New Zealand. WINGLESS ADULT INSECTS, NYMPHS AND LARVAE of many insects, spread by crawling, eg Weevil larvae and adults Locust nymphs Mite nymphs and adults Mite Moth and butterfly caterpillars Caterpillar EGGS, NYMPHS OR LARVAE, PUPAE AND ADULT INSECTS may be transported on or in any part of a plant, eg Bulbs - Bulb mites, bulb flies Fruit - Fruit fly, codling moth Nursery stock - Twospotted mite, scale insects Packing cases - Codling moth Cut flowers - Thrips Seeds - Rice weevil Rice weevil larva in seed INSECTS WHICH MAY BE TRANSPORTED IN SOIL, eg Root mealybugs in containers. Black vine weevil larvae and adults in containers. OVERSEAS PASSENGERS MAY CARRY INSECTS On their clothing, hand baggage and other items. ANIMALS WATER OTHER INSECTS, SNAILS, BIRDS, ETC Ants may carry scales from plant to plant. SOME ARE COMMONLY CARRIED ON WATER, eg Springtails. Ants Insects and allied pests - Plant damage 37
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Control methods Cultural methods.
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Root structure of dock (Rumex spp.)
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PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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