PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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. PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds Table 72. Herbicide Mode of Action Groups (2009) some examples (contd) CHEMICAL FAMILY MODE OF ACTION GROUP O Inhibitors of cell wall (cellulose) synthesis P Inhibitors of auxin transport SUBGROUP Nitriles Benzamides Phthalamates THE PRODUCT Trade name Active constituent CASORON, SIERRARON, ROOTFOAM, VARIOUS dichlobenil FLEXIDOR, GALLERY isoxaben May be formulated with Florasulam (X-Pand) ALANAP-L naptalam This product is no longer being manufactured Mode of action Pre-emergence Soil residual Season long control. Absorbed through roots, upwardly translocated Pre-emergence Persistent will accumulate in soils Pre-emergence Incorporation into soil SOME USES Read label, obtain advice from company CROPS, SITES TREATED Commercial and industrial areas, orchards, vineyards, ornamentals, around trees/shrubs nursery stock aquatic areas Fruit & nut orchards, vineyards, nursery & amenity trees, pyrethrum crops Cucurbits WEEDS CONTROLLED, SUPPRESSED Selective certain annual & perennial weeds. Also registered for prevention of tree root regrowth & entry into sanitary, septic and storm water sewers after mechanical clearance (only to be sold to and used by trained plumbers & other operators) Selective certain broadleaf weeds Selective certain broadleaf weeds Q Bleachers:Inhibitors of carotenoid biosynthesis unknown target R Inhibitors of dihydro pteroate synthase (DHP inhibitors) Z Herbicides with unknown and probably diverse sites of action Triazoles AMITROLE T amitrole + ammonium thiocyanate amitrole may be formulated with other herbicides Isoxazolidinones COMMAND, MAGISTER clomazone may be formulated with other herbicides Carbamates Arylaminopropionic acids Dicarboxylic acids Organoarsenicals ASULAM, ASULOX, RATTLER asulam MATAVEN L, VARIOUS flamprop-m-methyl WINTER GRASS KILLER. POACHEK endothal DSMA, VARIOUS disodium methylarsonate (DSMA) Post-emergence Systemic, absorbed by roots & leaves Pre-plant treatments Pre-emergence Uptake through roots & foliage, moves upwards in plant Post-emergence Systemic, taken up by both roots and leaves Post-emergence Post-emergence Contact action Post-emergence Contact action Industrial situations, Non-selective orchards, vineyards annual & perennial grass irrigation ditches, & broadleaf weeds roadsides, some field crops, certain tree plantations Rice, certain Selective vegetable crops, certain annual broadleaf poppies, tobacco & grass weeds Apples, hops, onions, potato, pasture, lucerne, ryegrass seed production, sugarcane Selective especially established perennial grasses, bracken wheat, triticale, Selective selective spray wild oats (black oats) topping of wild oats in wheat Certain turf and lawn species Certain sports turf & lawns, cotton, non- agricultural areas, cotton Selective winter grass Selective certain broadleaf weeds & grasses & sedges Table 73. Other products, plant extracts, etc. some agricultural biological products . TYPE Aquatic herbicide Hydrocarbon oils Inorganic metals Plant extracts, other products Trade name Active constituent MAGNACIDE H acrolein DIESEL FUEL petroleum oil (may be mixed with certain herbicides) Arsenic, boron copper sulphate iron sulphate sodium chlorate sodium chloride ammonium sulfamate LAWN SAND Wear gloves, using a plastic measuring cup, place equal parts of dry washed sand, sulphate of potash and iron sulphate in a plastic bucket BIOWEED, INTERCEPTOR pine oil CALLISTO mesotrione (from roots of the bottlebush plant (Callistemon citrinus) BEAT-A-WEED NATURAL WEEDKILLER acetic acid + sodium chloride SOME USES For use in water to control submerged & floating weeds and algae in irrigation systems. Only to be supplied to and used by a an authorized person Pre-emergence Non-crop, lines in Non-selective Post-emergence playing fields, use general weeds Contact action, as a directed spray persists in soil Inorganic metals do not contain carbon, generally derived from mineral ores. When used as herbicides they directly poison plants, ie kill parts of plants with which they come in contact Bluestone (copper sulphate) controls algae in paths and ponds, copper deficiency Sulphate of iron (ferrous sulphate) contact effect, mosses in lawns Mix immediately and sprinkle directly onto weeds, not Selective the whole lawn. Apply in the evening so any dew can certain broadleaved activate the process or lightly sprinkle. To control all weeds in turf weeds every 2 nd week. Wear gloves (check Gardening Australia for details). Doesn’t store. Post-emergence Contact action Rapidly desiccates weeds Pre and Post emergent control Allelochemical Post-emergence Contact action Repeated applications need for long term control of perennial weeds Paths, driveways, around sheds, spot spraying in lawns Maize Non-selective seedling weeds & grasses, suppresses established weeds Selective certain broadleaf weeds Gardens, paths, Non-selective spot spray in lawns annual broadleaf weeds, with care algae, lichens, liverworts, moss Ammoniated soap of fatty acid, vinegar, lemon juices, pelargonic acid, etc. are nonselective, they suppress annuals weeds and kill the tops of perennial weeds which regenerate after a one application. 454 Weeds - Integrated Weed Management
PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds EXAMPLES OF WEED SITUATIONS Adjuvants (spray additives) An adjuvant is broadly defined by the APVMA as ‘any substance (other than water) that is added to an agricultural chemical product to alter its physico-chemical properties and/or improve its efficacy’. They are added to pesticides prior to application mainly to improve their effectiveness, eg spreaders and stickers to improve spray coverage, and/or plant safety, eg compatibility or to reduce drift. Most spray additives are of low hazard but some may damage the environment, eg fish; others may damage crops under some conditions. Always check sequence of sprays and their compatibility with pesticide(s) being applied. Many are for use with particular products only, eg Nufarm Bonus (alkyl ethoxy phosphate trolamine salt) for use with Nufarm Credit Broadacre herbicide; Trilogy (octyl phenol ethoxylate) to enhance glyphosate performance on grasses in cold environments; Hydrogel spray additive for diquat which causes the mix to submerge and attach to the target submerged aquatic weeds. Guides available online include Understanding Spray Oils and Adjuvants, Herbicide Adjuvant Guides. Companies may specialize in adjuvants, eg SACOA www.sacoa.com.au/, SST Australia www.sstaustralia.com Adjuvants are listed under product type on PubCris on the APVMA website www.apvma.gov.au/ Table 74. Adjuvants, spray additives. - some examples. TYPE GENERAL SPREADERS AND STICKERS Petroleum oils Paraffinic oils Botanical oils, vegetable oils STICKING AGENTS ANTI-DRIFT AGENTS ANTI-EVAPORANTS BUFFERING AGENTS SPREADING AGENTS CLEANING AGENTS COMPATIBILITY DEFOAMERS PENETRANTS SYNERGISTS THE PRODUCT Trade name Active constituent AGRAL spray surfactant, VARIOUS nonylphenol ethylene oxide non-ionic organic surfactant WETTER TX octyl phenol ethoxylate SACOA WETTA 1000 non-ionic ethoxylates D-C-TRATE, TRYCOL, VARIOUS petroleum oil TALISMAN, TRIBUTE, SOME USES Read label, obtain advice from company For use with horticultural insecticides, fungicides and herbicides A special purpose non-ionic surfactant for use with the Roundup family of herbicides. For use as a bio-degradable wetting and spreading agent. A spray for use with knockdown and residual herbicides. Used on a range of crops with insecticides and herbicides. To enhance the performance of certain herbicides. petroleum oil/non-ionic polyethylated surfactants BIOPEST May be used with certain fungicides, insecticides, paraffinic oils herbicides to improve wetting and penetration. SYNERTROL OILS botanical oils/vegetable oils CODACIDE rape seed oil (canola) SPRAYFAST di-1-p-menthane DRIFTEX, VARIOUS refined canola oil ANTIEVAP, RULVAPRON petroleum oil SPRAYBUFF, PROBUFF soyal phospholipids acid/propionic acid HYGRO-STIC STICKER SPREADER di-1-p-menthene KOMPLETE KLEEN 4% available chlorine TANK & EQUIPMENT CLEANER sodium triolyphosate + detergents STEADFAST alkylaryl polyoxyethylene glycol phosphate ester FLOWRIGHT COMPATIBILITY AGENT blend of fatty acid triglycerides ACTIVATOR non-ionic surfactants PULSE, BREAK-THRU GOLD PENETRANT polyether modified polysiloxane LIASE, VARIOUS ammonium sulphate For addition to most agrochemical, horticultural, foliar fertilizer and micro-nutrient sprays to increase chemical wetting, spread, penetration and rainfastness and to reduce spray drift and leaching of soil chemicals. Can maximize the performance of many plant protection products; enhances the activity of some insecticides. For use as a tank mix with some agricultural chemicals to improve their performance, ie penetration, wetting and adhesion, can also be used as an anti-transpirant. For addition to turf pesticides sprays to reduce spray drift and improve rainfastness. An adjuvant added to a spray mixture to reduce drift. Anti-evaporant and winter spray oil. Used with insecticides, fungicides, herbicides. Acidifying and penetrating surfactant, reduces alkaline hydrolysis of dimethoate, assists with uptake of foliar fertilizers, assist in management of spray droplet size. Used as a sticker/spreader for agricultural chemicals. Multipurpose cleaning concentrate for spray equipment. For cleaning spraying equipment, for decontamination when changing from one agricultural chemical group to another, for end of season cleaning before storage. A compatibility, acidifying and surfactant agent . Used when tank mixing certain herbicides. Rainfast wetting agent with low foaming qualities, reduces drift by producing a thick foam. Used to reduce foaming of a spray mixture due to agitation. Spray additive for improved penetration of glyphosate and/or metsulfuron methyl herbicides when treating certain brush and woody weeds, eg bracken. For use with glyphosate-based herbicides to minimize antagonism when tank mixing with flowable herbicides and improve performance under adverse environmental conditions. Weeds - Examples of weed situations 455
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Control methods Cultural methods.
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