PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds Table 3. Bio-insecticides, spray oils, soaps, pheromones, etc. (some are agricultural biological products) (contd) TYPE SYNERGISTS SOAPS PHEROMONES Insect control FOOD SPRAYS, LURES, ATTRACTANTS Reduce pesticide usage FUNGICIDE GROUP M2 ABRASIVE DUSTS INORGANIC METALS OTHERS Some may be toxic to humans, animals, bees and other beneficials THE PRODUCT SOME USES Read label, obtain advice from company Trade name Mode of action CROPS, SITES TREATED PESTS, CONTROLLED, Active constituent SUPPRESSED VARIOUS piperonyl butoxide NATRASOAP, BUGGUARD, VARIOUS potassium salts of fatty acids (soap sprays) ISOMATE CTT pheromone insect confusion agent (tiers) ISOMATE C as above also ISOMATE C-S ISOMATE C/OFM TT as above ISOMATE OFM ROSSO as above also ROSSO-S ISOMATE LBAM PLUS as above AMINOFEED, ENVIRO- FEAST, PRED FEED AminoFeed, Mobait (yeast-based) Envirofeast, PredFeed (sugar based) PREDALURE oil of wintergreen BIO-ATTRACT HELI kairomone bait MAGNET attractant/feeding stimulant (alpha-pinene, anisyl alchohol, butyl salicylate, cineole (eucalyptol). D-limonen phenylacetaldehyde) + insecticide CARPOPHILUS MASS TRAPPING SYSTEM SULPHUR DRYACIDE silica VARIOUS borax as borax boron as boric acid FUMAFERT mustard seed, neem cake EXPERIMENTAL eg vegetable products, eucalyptus oil, tea tree oil, melaleuca oil, the addition of fertilizers, etc Synergist, formulated with pyrethrum to enhance its performance Contact action Dissolves the waxy covering of the insect Mating disruption Large quantities of female pheromones are released from tiers confusing male moths, preventing mating Pot plants, vegetables, fruit trees, ornamentals. Apples, pears, Insecticide sedentary or semisedentary soft-bodied insects, eg aphids, thrips, mealybugs, whiteflies, scale crawlers, mites Single species insecticide codling moth As above Apples, pears Single species insecticide codling moth As above Pome fruit Single species insecticide codling moth, oriental fruit moth As above Peaches, nectarines Single species insecticide oriental fruit moth As above Apple, grapes Single species insecticide lightbrown apple moth Attracts > 20 species of beneficial insects which feed on pests. Must be a source of beneficial insects or a ‘refuge’ from where they can be attracted Attractant for beneficial insects Attractant for Helicoverpa moths Attractant for Helicoverpa moths which are killed when they contact or ingest it preventing egg laying Attractant for Carpophilus beetles Protectant (non-systemic) Contact, some fumigant action Contact action, kills insects by desiccation Contact action Ingested when the insect cleans itself, absorbed through insect cuticle Cotton. Used in IPM programs Cotton; blanket coverage is not necessary; timing is critical. Stone fruit (currently under APVMA Research Permit 9971/11344) Ornamentals, fruit, vegetables Grain sheds, buildings, ware-houses, equipment, silos, stored grain Commercial and domestic buildings slow acting requiring 7-10 days for control Beneficial insect sustenant Helicoverpa spp. & spotted mites Beneficial insect sustenant Pest insect attractant adult Helicoverpa & certain other moth pests Pest insect attractant Helicoverpa spp. moths Pest insect attractant Carpophilus spp. Fungicide/Miticide/ Insecticide see Fungicides (page 341) Insecticide controls organophosphate-resistant strains of insects Insecticide ants, cockroaches, silverfish Has soil bio-fumigant properties which aid in the control of some soil, insects, diseases and nematodes (page 267). Contact action, smothering effects, may kill adults & nymphs feeding, eg aphids, mirids and mites in some crops, also some scarab grubs and lawn armyworms ; may modify feeding and egg laying behaviour of insects on some plants Bay laurel (Laurus nobilis Cinnamite (cinnamon oil) (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) - all stages of aphids, mites, powdery mildew (roses) Garlic (Allium sativum)) - often mixed with pyrethrum - aphids, flies, etc Quasia (Quasia amara) - wood and bark - aphids caterpillars Rhubarb (Rheum rhabarbarum) - leaves - aphids Ryania (Ryania speciosa) - roots, leaves and stems - codling moth, thrips 62 Insects and allied pests - Integrated pest management
PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds IDENTIFICATION & CLASSIFICATION HOW EASY IS IT TO IDENTIFY INSECTS? XPERT CLASSIFICATION SOME ARE EASY TO IDENTIFY IN A GENERAL WAY Become familiar with the pest and beneficial insects which occur in your crop and be able to identify them accurately. This is part of all IPM programs. Identifying insects, mites, and the damage they cause, is usually easier than sorting out problems associated with diseases and plant nutrition. Scarab grub larvae in lawns are readily recognized as such. Other easy to recognize pests include aphids on roses, sawflies on eucalypyts. Books and computer programs illustrate groups of insects, eg flies, locusts, thrips and flies; also pests affecting crops in particular regions, eg vegetables, brassicas, turf, nurseries (page 224). Pocket guides are available for use in the field. Eventually complete guides for known crop pests and diseases will be available via mobile phones for farmers and growers. INSECT KEYS Although insect keys for identifying adults, nymphs, larvae and pupae of insects generally to orders and families, and for identifying special groups of insects, eg moth and butterfly larvae on brassica crops, have been compiled, in practice, their use by the non-expert can be difficult. Reasons include: The small size of some insects and allied forms. Difficulty in recognizing, in some instances, whether the insect is an adult or immature stage, eg a nymph. Some closely allied pest forms resemble insects at some stages. The large number and diversity of insect species in Australia. Keys for identifying insects are on CSIRO’s and Lucidcentral’s websites: www. ento.csiro.au/ education/ www. lucidcentral.org/ State websites have keys for identifying insects and damage on some crops. NEED EXPERT HELP? Although some insects such as scarab grubs are readily recognized as such, it can be difficult to identify the precise species which is needed for implementing effective control measures in commercial turf. Similarly identifying the precise species of fruit fly damaging you crop. DNA fingerprinting complements structural features to identify exotic pests. A wide range of soil pests and diseases can now be identified from a single soil sample using new Australian soil testing techniques. Contact a diagnostic service for assistance (page xiv). Classification of insects (Class Insecta) to orders and families is based on a wide range of features, including: Wing features, eg – Winged or wingless – Number of pairs of wings – Size – Texture, scales, etc – Thickenings – Venation, vein patterns Life cycle, eg – No metamorphosis – Incomplete metamorphosis – Complete metamorphosis Mouthparts, eg – Chewing – Piercing and sucking – Rasping and sucking – Lapping Antennae, eg – Clubbed – Feathery Abdomen, eg – Ovipositors, cerci – Hairs – Constrictions Tarsi segments, eg – Number Body shape, eg – Flattened Thrips (< 3 mm long) – Small size – Wedge-shaped Insects and allied pests - Identification and classification 63
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Control methods Cultural methods.
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Root structure of dock (Rumex spp.)
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PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds