PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds Table 72. Herbicide Mode of Action Groups (2009) some examples (contd) CHEMICAL FAMILY MODE OF ACTION GROUP G Inhibitors of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPOs) N-phenylphthalimides H Bleachers: Inhibitors of 4- hydroxyphenolpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPDs) I Disruption of plant cell growth (distorts new growth) More than 90 registered herbicides contain dicamba SUBGROUP Diphenyl ethers Oxadiazoles Triazoli nones Pyrimidindio nes Phenylpyraz ole Pyrazoles Isoxazoles Phenoxys (hormone herbicides) Spray drift can cause severe damage to cotton, grapes, tomatoes, oil seed crops, ornamentals (page 460) Benzoic acids (similar mode of action to the phenoxys) Pyridine carboxylic acids (pyridines) Quinoline carboxylic acids THE PRODUCT Trade name Active constituent OXYFLUORFEN, GOAL oxyfluorfen may be formulated with oryzalin (Rout) PLEDGE, VALOR flumioxazin when mixed with certain glyphosate or paraquat/diqat herbicides OXADIARGYL oxadiargyl RONSTAR oxadiazon may be formulated with fertilizer AFFINITY, VARIOUS carfentrazone-ethyl LOGRAN B-POWER butafenacil ECOPAR pyraflufen-ethyl may be formulated with other herbicides TAIPAN benzofenap BALANCE isoxaflutole MCPA, VARIOUS MCPA often formulated with other herbicides, eg dicamba 198 products containing MCPA, also fertilizers 2,4-D, VARIOUS 2,4-D 181 products may be mixed with other herbicides DICAMBA, VARIOUS dicamba often formulated with MCPA to improve activity against broad-leaved weeds BLACK BERRY & TREE KILLER, VARIOUS triclopyr often formulated with picloram, also other herbicides TORDON, VIGILANT HERBICIDE GEL picloram often formulated with triclopyr, MCPA CLOPYRALID, CLOMAC FORESTRY, VARIOUS clopyralid may be formulated with 2,4-D, dicamba DRIVE quinclorac Mode of action Pre-emergence Post-emergence Non-systemic (contact) Post-emergence Rapid knockdown SOME USES Read label, obtain advice from company CROPS, SITES TREATED Tree fruit, nuts & vines, vegetables, forestry trees, cotton, coffee. prior to sowing some crops Prior to sowing certain crops WEEDS CONTROLLED, SUPPRESSED Selective broadleaves & some grasses Non-selective various grass & broadleaved weeds Pre-emergence Couch turfgrass Selective summer & winter grass Pre-emergence Post-emergence Contact action Pre-plant Pre-emergence Knockdown Contact action Residual control Post-emergence Contact action also defoliation & boll opening in cotton Pre-emergence Early postemergence Pre-emergence Early postemergence Post-emergence Systemic. Some formulations can be very volatile and damage non-target species Post-emergence Systemics Post-emergence Pre-emergence Systemic remains in soil 2-3 months Post-emergence Systemic Foliage, stem & root absorbed, Post-emergence Systemic, foliar and root absorption soil residual Post-emergence absorbed by leaves & roots Post-emergence Systemic Woody ornamental shrubs, trees in nurseries; turf Winter cereals, pyrethrum; rice Wheat Winter cereals; Rice Sugarcane, chickpeas Non crop, commercial & industrial areas, turf, pasture, cereal crops, linseed rice, peas, spot spraying Non-crop, fallow, turf, cereal crops, pastures, sugarcane, spot spraying Non-crop, turf, pasture, cereal crops, maize, rice, Pinus radiata, conservation tillage Non-crop, industrial, fallow, fencelines, fire breaks, industrial, forests, pasture Non-crop, rights of way, grazing pastures, forestry Certain field crops, pastures, fallow land, forests, industrial sites Certain established turf species Selective broadleaved weeds mainly, but some grasses Selective certain annual broadleaved weeds; aquatic weeds (in rice) Non-selective Certain broadleaf weeds & grasses Selective annual broadleaved weeds Selective certain broadleaved weeds Selective control & suppression of certain broadleaf weeds & grasses Selective certain broadleaved weeds Selective certain broadleaved weeds Selective certain broadleaved weeds Selective certain woody & broadleaved weeds Selective certain woody weeds and some other species Selective certain broadleaved weeds Selective summer grass, white clover, suppresses kikuyu 452 Weeds - Integrated Weed Management
PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds Table 72. Herbicide Mode of Action Groups (2009) some examples (contd) CHEMICAL FAMILY MODE OF ACTION GROUP J Inhibitors of fat synthesis (not ACCase inhibitors) K Inhibitors of cell division/Inhibitors of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA inhibitors) L Inhibitors of photosynthesis at photosystem 1 (PSI inhibitors) M Inhibitors of EPSP synthase More than 352 registered herbicides contain glyphosate Revolutionized control of many hard-to-kill perennial weeds N Inhibitors of glutamine synthetase SUBGROUP Chlorocarbonic acids Thio carbamates Phosphoro dithioates Benzofurans Acetamides Chloroacetamides Bipyridils More than 70 registered products contain paraquat Glycines includes Roundup Ready crops, eg soybean, cotton, alfalfa, corn Dual Salt Technology Phosphinic acids THE PRODUCT Trade name Active constituent ATLAPON, PROPON 2,2-DPA SATURN thiobencarb TRI-ALLATE, AVADEX, VARIOUS triallate EXPORSAN bensulide OBLIX, MATRIX, TRAMAT, VARIOUS ethofumesate DEVRINOL napropamide DUAL GOLD s-metolachlor PARAQUAT, GRAMOXONE, VARIOUS paraquat DANGEROUS POISON often formulated with diquat (SpraySeed, Tryquat)) GLYPHOSATE, GLYFOS, ROUNDUP, WIPE-OUT VARIOUS glyphosate present as the isopropylamine salt May be formulated with: with several other herbicides May be tank mixed with other post- or preemergence herbicides, or soil residuals Bioactive has no surfactants & may also be used in aquatic areas WEEDMASTER DUO, RAZOR, VARIOUS glyphosate present as the isopropylamine & mono-ammonium salts ERADICATOR, VARIOUS glyphosate present as the monoethanolamine salt TOUCHDOWN glyphosate-trimesium BASTA, FINALE, LIBERTY, VARIOUS glufosinate-ammonium Mode of action Post-emergence Systemic also root absorbed SOME USES Read label, obtain advice from company CROPS, SITES TREATED Non-crop, irrigation channels, certain field crops, fruits, pasture, cotton WEEDS CONTROLLED, SUPPRESSED Selective certain annual & perennial grasses vines, tea tree Pre-emergence Rice Selective grass weeds & certain annual sedges Pre-emergence Pre-emergence Pre-emergence Post-emergence Pre-emergence Pre-emergence short residual Post-emergence Contact action Rapidly desiccates plant tissue. Rapidly inactivated in soil. No residual weed control Post-emergence Systemic absorbed by foliage, green stems and bark in actively growing plants, translocation from foliage to roots. Little soil activity, but check plant back times Withering & yellowing of foliage not visible for several days to several weeks. Do not disturb perennials weeds for 2 weeks after treatment. Post-emergence Systemic ammonium improves the performance of glyphosate Post-emergence Systemic Post-emergence Systemic Certain field crops, eg barley, wheat, faba beans, peas, canola, lupins, safflower Certain turf species in bowling green & greens Certain non-crop sites, onions, oil seed poppies, beet crops, some pastures & seed crops, established turf Almonds, grapevines, stone fruit, tomatoes (direct seeded, & transplants) certain crops, eg barley oats, wheat, canola, broccoli, green beans, sweet potato, sorghum, sugarcane, maize, canola Non-crop, industrial areas, row crops, certain other crops, seedbed preparation, preplant herbicide, directed spray, spray topping, etc Non-crop, paths, fencelines, fruit, ornamentals, vegetables field crops, forests, in shrub beds and around trees; to control weeds prior to planting crops, turfgrasses, vegetables, etc; tree poisoning, woody weeds Wide range of situations Wide range of situations Wide range of situations Post-emergence Non-crop, Contact action commercial and Knockdown, burns industrial areas, off green plant bananas, grapes, parts contacted by pome & stone fruits spray weeds in bulb beds Non-residual control before bulbs emerge Fast effective control around trees, paths Selective wild oats Selective winter grass Selective certain grass and broadleaved weeds especially winter grass Selective mostly grass weeds, some broadleaved weeds Non-selective certain annual grasses and broadleaved weed Non-selective annual broadleaved & grass weeds, perennial weeds may regrow Non-selective annual & perennial broad leaved weeds & grasses Selectivity can be achieved by using as directed spray or wipe-on applicators for grasses & sedges, deep rooted perennial weeds, etc Non-selective wide range of annual and perennial weeds Non-selective wide range of annual and perennial weeds Non-selective wide range of annual and perennial weeds Non-selective annual and perennial broadleaved & grass weeds, perennial weeds may regrow from roots Non-residual control of certain broadleaf weeds in Liberty Link cotton varieties Weeds - Integrated Weed Management 453
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PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds