PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds TYPES OF LARVAE JUVENILE STAGES LARVAE The juvenile stages of insects with a complete metamorphosis are called larvae. It is often difficult to distinguish one larval type from another and many keys have been compiled to aid in their identification. FEATURES USED IN IDENTIFYING LARVAE FEATURES include: Presence or absence of a segmented body. Presence or absence of an obvious head capsule. Presence or absence of antennae. Presence or absence of true legs on the thorax. Length of the true legs on the thorax. Presence or absence of prolegs on the abdomen. Presence or absence of various appendages, eg fleshy lobes at the end of the body. Pattern of hairs around the anus, eg scarab grub larvae. INSECTS WITH A COMPLETE METAMORPHOSIS Remember, these orders also have beneficial members, eg parasitic flies and wasps, predatory ladybirds. THOSE WHICH MAY DAMAGE. PLANTS include: Order Diptera (flies). Larvae are usually called maggots, some maggots damage plants and animals, others are beneficial. Maggots Order Lepidoptera (butterflies, moths). Larvae are usually called caterpillars, most caterpillars are plant feeders, also sometimes called: Armyworms, Cutworms, ‘Borers’ Order Coleoptera (beetles, weevils). Some larvae damage plants, others are beneficial. Larvae are sometimes called: ‘Borers’, ‘Grubs’, ‘Weevils’ Order Hymenoptera (ants, bees, wasps, sawflies). Some larvae damage plants, others are beneficial. Larvae are sometimes called: ‘Slugs’, ‘Spitfires’ THOSE WHICH ONLY HAVE BENEFICIAL. members include: Order Neuroptera (lacewings). Larvae feed on aphids and other insects. Larvae are sometimes called: Antlions, Aphidlions Lacewing larva 24 Insects and allied pests - Biology
PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds Table 1. Examples of different types of larvae. INSECT ORDERS LARVAE WITHOUT LEGS Sense organs reduced Live among plentiful food so do not need legs to seek food LEPIDOPTERA Butterflies, moths DIPTERA Flies All fly larvae COLEOPTERA Beetles, weevils Some beetle or weevil larvae HYMENOPTERA Ants, bees, sawflies, wasps Ants, bees and some wasps Fruit fly maggots Longicorn beetle larva Citrus gall wasp larva Jewel beetle larva Weevil larva WITH LEGS Thoracic legs only More or less well developed thoracic legs Abdominal appendages usually absent Head capsule and appendages usually well developed LONG LEGS SHORTER LEGS Active predators Ladybird beetle larva Some beetle larvae Some sawfly larvae Steelblue sawfly larva (spitfire) Scarab grub Thoracic and abdominal legs Well developed segmentation Thoracic and abdominal legs (prolegs) well or moderately well developed Usually live on or near food No abdominal segmentation Only rudimentary appendages No spiracles Larvae emerge from egg into high nutrient food, eg eggs, or bodies of other insects All moth and butterfly larvae Grapevine moth caterpillar. Ring of hooks on end of prolegs Some sawfly larvae Callitris sawfly larva No ring of hooks on end of prolegs Some parasitic wasps Insects and allied pests - Biology 25
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Control methods Cultural methods.
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Root structure of dock (Rumex spp.)
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PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds