PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ACTIVITIES By the end of this topic, you should be able to do the following: 1. List the distinguishing features of plant parasitic nematodes. 2. Draw diagrammatically the life cycle of an nematode. 3. Name the stages which damage plants, how they feed on plants and the types of symptoms which may develop on above and below ground plant parts. Name 1 example of each type of symptom. 4. Recognize by sight, symptoms produced on plants by local nematode diseases. 5. Distinguish between galls caused by root knot nematode infestation from those caused by nitrogen-fixing bacteria and crown gall. 6. Distinguish between foliage symptoms caused by root knot nematode infestation from those caused by water stress, nutrient deficiencies and excesses and poor vigour. 7. Describe 4 places where plant parasitic nematodes might ‘overwinter’. Name 1 example of each. 8. Describe 4 ways by which plant parasitic nematodes spread. Name 1 example of each. 9. Describe conditions favouring soil-inhabiting nematodes and foliar nematodes which attack above ground plant parts. 10. Describe State/Territory/Commonwealth legislation which provides for the control of nematode diseases. 11. List control methods for nematode diseases. Describe 1 example of each. Cultural Sanitation Biological Resistance/tolerance Plant quarantine Nematode-tested Physical and mechanical Pesticides 12. Provide the active constituent, some trade names, mode of action and some uses, for one non-fumigant nematicide. 13. Describe how nematodes are used to control insect pests of plants. Name 1 example. 14. Provide the following information for root knot nematode or other local nematode pest: Common name Scientific name/Cause Host range Symptoms Disease cycle ‘Overwintering’ Spread Conditions favouring IDM and Control 15. Prepare/access an IDM. program for a nematode disease at your work or in your region. 16. Locate reference material and know where to obtain advice on the identification and control of nematode diseases. 272 Nematode diseases SELECTED REFERENCES Nematoda (Nematodes or Roundworms) www.ento.csiro.au/science/nematode.html Biological Crop Protection www.biolcrop.com.au/ Australasian Association of Nematologists (AAN) http://nematologists.org.au/ The Australasian Plant Pathology Society (APPSnet) www.australasianplantpathologysociety.org.au/ includes a special section on Soil Diseases Many publications are available on nematode species present on particular crops, eg bananas, grain crops, sugar cane, pineapple, roses, vegetables. Fact Sheets by State/Territory Depts of Primary Industries are available online, eg Root Knot Nematode Keys CSIRO Nematoda and Key to the Nematodes of Australia www.ento.csiro.au/science/nematode.html Nemasys www.cbit.uq.edu.au/software/nemasys/ Lucid keys of DIRECT Relevance to Quarantine, Plant Health and Invasive Species. avail online Plant quarantine Commonwealth quarantine www.daff.gov.au/aqis PaDIL - Pests and Diseases Image Library of diagnostic photographs and information www.padil.gov,au Target lists of weeds, insects, plant and animal pests and diseases. www.daff.gov.au and search for target lists State websites have information of nematodes and quarantine restrictions in their states Organic products, standards AS 6000—2009. Standards Australia Organic and Biodynamic Products. Standards Australia. Organic Federation of Australia www.ofa.org.au for organic certifiers, products etc Becker Underwood Australia www.beckerunderwood.com Ecogrow www.ecogrow.com.au Nematicides Pubcris. APVMA. Canberra www.apvma.gov.au Infopest, Qld www.dpi.qld.gov.au/infopest Croplife Australia www.cropelifeaustralia.org.au/ Chemical Toxicity to Beneficials www.goodbugs.org.au/ MSDS www.msds.com.au/ Company websites provide labels and MSDSs General Agrios, G. N. 2005. Plant Pathology. 5 th edn. Academic Press, NY. also 4 th edn 1997. Bedding, R., Akhurst, R. and Kaya, H. (eds), 1993. Nematodes and the Biological Control of Insect Pests. CSIRO Pub. Bridge, J. and Starr, J. M. 2007. Plant Nematodes of Agricultural Importance. (colour). Manson Pub. UK. Brown, J. F. and Ogle, H. J. 1997. Plant Pathogens and Plant Diseases. Rockvale Pubs., Armidale, NSW. Carson, C. 2000. Testing Your Own Rice Flower Planting Sites for Nematodes. DPI Note. Qld DPI, Brisbane. Goodwin, S., Steiner, M. Parker, R., Tesoriero, L., Connellan, G., Keskula, E., Cowper, B., Medhurst, A. and Rodriguez, C. 2000. Integrated Pest Management in Ornamentals : Information Guide. NSW DPI. Heinz, K. M., Driesche, R. G., Parella, M. P. 2004. BioControl in Protected Culture. 2 nd edn. Ball Pub. Hodda, M. (2000). Nematodes of the Murray-Darling River System and Coastal Fresh Waters of Southeastern Australia. CSIRO, Canberra. avail online. Hodda, M. 2008 International Spotlight on Tiny Worms. CSIRO Media Release. 14 July 2008. Hodda, M., Stewart, E., Fitzgibbon, F., Reid, I., Longstaff. B. C. and Packer, I. 1999. Nematodes : Useful Indicators of Soil Conditions. No.98/141,RIRDC, ACT. Holland, R. J. and Williams, K. L. 1998. Fixing Nematodes with Microbes. Micro. Aust., May. Jones, D. L. and Elliot, W. R. 1986. Pests, Diseases and Ailments of Australian Plants. Lothian Pub., Melbourne. McMaugh, J. 1994. What Garden Pest or Disease is That? Lansdowne Press, Sydney. Nobbs, J. M. 2004. Plant Parasitic Nematodes of Australia [electronic resource]. SARDI, 2004. O'Brien, P. C. and Stirling, G. R. 1991. Plant Nematology for Practical Agriculturalists. 3 rd edn. Qld DPI, Brisbane. Shurtleff, M. C. and Averre III, C. W. 2000. Diagnosing Plant Diseases Caused by Nematodes. APS Press. MN. Stirling, G. R. 2000. Nematodes Monitoring Strategies for Vegetable Crops. No.00/25. RIRDC, ACT. Stirling, G. R., Harrower, K. and Webb, L. E. (eds). 2008. Plant and Soil Nematolody in Australia and New Zealand. Australasian Plant Pathology, 37,3. van Someren Graver, J. E. 2004. Guide to Fumigation Under Gas-proof Sheets. ACIAR. Walker, G. 2006. Biocontrol Organisms and Human Health. Aust. Nem Nos Vol.17. No.1. Jan 2006. Grewal, P. S., Ehlers, R-U., Shapiro-Ilan, D. I. 2005. Nematodes as Biological Control Agents. CABI Pub.
PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds Virus and Virus-like Diseases BIOLOGY & IDENTIFICATION 274 No. diseases in Australia 274 Some distinctive features 274 274 Symptoms 275 How viruses infect host plants 276 Distribution within a plant 276 Detection and identification 276 Virus names and classification 277 List of some virus & virus-like diseases 278 Disease cycle 280 Overwintering, oversummering 281 Spread 282 Conditions favouring 283 INTEGRATED DISEASE MANAGEMENT (IDM) 283 Control methods 284 Legislation 284 Cultural methods 284 Sanitation 284 Biological control 284 Resistant, tolerant varieties 284 Plant quarantine 284 Disease-tested planting material 284 Physical and mechanical methods 285 Pesticides (viricides, insecticides) 285 EXAMPLES OF VIRUS AND VIRUS-LIKE DISEASES 286 Tomato spotted wilt 286 Tomato big bud (greening, virescence) 289 Virus diseases of roses (rose "mosaic") 291 REVIEW QUESTIONS & ACTIVITIES 292 SELECTED REFERENCES 292 Virus and virus-like diseases 273
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Insect secretions PLANT PROTECTION
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Control methods Cultural methods.
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Root structure of dock (Rumex spp.)
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PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds