PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds NON-SYSTEMIC & SYSTEMIC FUNGICIDES (contd) Protectant & eradicant fungicides - Movement in plants SYSTEMIC FUNGICIDES Eradicant fungicides Curative fungicides ERADICANTS, CHEMO-THERAPEUTANTS. Systemic fungicides enter a plant and are active at sites remote from where they are applied; they are carried through the sap stream. They are often called eradicants or chemo-therapeutants because they not only protect the host from infection while they are on the outside, some may suppress or kill fungal organisms after they are within the host. Cross section of leaf Translocated fungicides No spray. Spores germinate and germ tubes penetrate leaf. SYSTEMIC. - FOLIAGE, eg Baycor (bitertanol) Bayleton , various (triadimefon) Saprol , various (triforine) Tilt , various (propiconazole) Spray applied after germ tubes and mycelium are inside the host. Mycelium already inside the leaf is killed. SYSTEMIC. – SOIL, eg Fongarid (furalaxyl) Ridomil , various (metalaxyl) Systemic fungicides and applied to the foliage do not generally move downwards into the roots. Their distribution within the above ground parts of the plant is variable. Systemic fungicides applied to the roots do not generally move upwards to control foliage diseases, there are exceptions. When applied to the soil, they dissolve in soil water and are taken up by the roots and translocated upwards to varying degrees within the plant. The soil must be kept moist for continued uptake Narrow spectrum of activity. Some new systemic have a very narrow spectrum of activity but they work better than the older ones Translaminar movement. Some fungicides, eg Stroby (kresoximmethyl), are nonsystemic but can move into, and may to a limited extent move within the leaf blade. Excessive residues may still occur unless withholding periods are observed. Washing the outside does not remove internal residues. Advantages. of systemic fungicides include: – They can reach diseases already in the host, eradicate established infections. They can be applied after any infection period determined by environmental monitoring stations. – Timing is not so critical. New developing foliage may be protected without further applications being necessary immediately. – The whole plant surface need not be treated, eg systemic pesticides may be applied as foliage, root and soil or tree injection treatments. – After the fungicide has been absorbed by the plant, it is not washed off by rain. – Surface residues disappear rapidly which minimizes risk to non-target organisms. – Some also have quite good protectant qualities. – Can be used to target periods when conditions are favourable for disease. Disadvantages. of systemic fungicides include: – Many are selective fungicides, not broad spectrum, and are usually only effective against a particular group of fungi. There are exceptions. – Fungal diseases may develop resistance to systemic fungicides and their overuse is the most common way for resistant strains to be generated. – Some systemic fungicides are not evenly distributed inside a plant but remain in the general area of entry to the plant. Penetration into certain tissues such as fruit and stems can be very limited. The degree of systemic activity varies but most are absorbed by the leaves or roots and transported upwards through the xylem (water-conducting system) and phloem. Thorough coverage is often still necessary for control. – They may control the disease, pest or weed more slowly than contact nonsystemic pesticides. 334 Fungal diseases - Integrated disease management
PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds SUMMARY & EXAMPLES. Fig. 183. FUNGICIDES & BACTERICIDES (page 338) Foliage Soil Roots Trees Seed dressing Cuttings, seedlings Bulb dip Fruit dip Postharvest NON- SYSTEMIC Protectant SYSTEMIC Eradicant NON- SYSTEMIC Protectant SYSTEMIC Eradicant Captan (captan) copper Daconil (chlorothalonil) Dithane (mancozeb) sulphur Antirot, Phospot, Aus-phoz (phosphorous acid) Amistar (azoxyztrobin) Baycor (bitertanol) Bayleton (triadimefon) Rovral (iprodione) Saprol (triiforine) Stroby (kresoximmethyl) Terrazole (etridiazole) Thiram Aliette (fosetyl) copper Banol, Previcur lime (promamocarb) sulphur Fongarid phosphor (furalaxyl) ous acid Ridomil (metalaxyl) thiophanatemethyl copper Thiram Rovral (iprodione) Tecto (thiabendazole) Bavistin (carbendazim) MIXTURES Fig. 184. DISINFECTANTS (page 343) Secateurs Containers Benches, floors, mats Cuttings, seed Hands Respirators methylated spirit Biogram Bleach (sodium hypochlorite) Biogram Phytoclean (benzalkonium chloride) calcium hypochlorite various recommendation Fungal diseases - Integrated disease management 335
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Root structure of dock (Rumex spp.)
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PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds