PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

More documents

Recommendations

Info

PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds NON-SYSTEMIC & SYSTEMIC HERBICIDES Contact & translocated herbicides – Movement in weeds NON-SYSTEMIC HERBICIDES Contact NON-SYSTEMIC HERBICIDES are only active at the point of application (leaves, stems, roots); they are not absorbed by the plant. They are mostly applied to leaves and stems. They often have no action through the soil. Normally act rapidly, good coverage is necessary for maximum effectiveness. Useful for controlling annual weeds and perennial weed seedlings with no underground reserves of food or buds from which to regrow after treatment. Contact herbicides may be either non-selective or selective. NON-SYSTEMIC FOLIAGE, eg Sprayseed , Tryquat (diquat + paraquat) Basta , various (glufosinate-ammonium) - slightly systemic Contact action, perennial weeds may regrow from tap roots, etc SYSTEMIC HERBICIDES Translocated SYSTEMIC HERBICIDES are applied to the leaves and stems of weeds, they then enter the plant and move through the stems to the roots, eventually killing the weed. Systemic herbicides may also be applied to the soil to control germinating weed seeds (pre-emergent herbicides) or taken up by roots. May either be non-selective or selective at normal dose rates. Herbicides enter leaves through upper or lower leaf surfaces (lower surface is more permeable). Entry is mostly via the cuticle but also occurs via the stomates. Most effective against actively growing weeds which can circulate the herbicide through the plant effectively. Dosage rates must be low enough for absorption and maximum translocation by the plant to take place. At excessively high dosage rates many systemic herbicides are least effective, merely acting like a contact herbicide. Mainly act slowly often taking several weeks for maximum effect. Advantages of systemics. – Whole plant surface need not be treated, eg may be applied as foliage, root and soil or tree injection treatments. Active at sites remote from where they are applied. – When applied to the soil, systemic herbicides dissolve in soil water and are taken up by the roots. The soil must be kept moist for continued uptake. – Once systemic herbicides have been absorbed by the foliage they cannot be washed off by rain or irrigation. Allow sufficient time for absorption. Disadvantages of systemics. – Excessive residues may still occur unless withholding periods are observed or there is excessive application. – May control weeds more slowly than contact non-systemic contact pesticides. SYSTEMIC FOLIAGE, eg Roundup , Zero , various (glyphosate) SYSTEMIC ROOTS, SOIL, eg Diuron , various (diuron) For perennial weeds the aim is to kill the parts. 442 Weeds - Integrated Weed Management
PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds NON-SELECTIVE & SELECTIVE HERBICIDES Broad & narrow spectrum herbicides SOIL STERILANTS NON-SELECTIVE These HERBICIDES Broad spectrum These herbicides are toxic to all plant and animal organisms in the soil, eg diuron, many fumigants. herbicides are toxic to most plants. Non-selective herbicides kill or suppress all vegetation to which it is applied, eg Some foliage herbicides are systemic herbicides, eg Roundup (glyphosate) which is absorbed through the foliage and green stems and is translocated to the roots, killing many species of annual and perennial weeds. Some foliage herbicides are contact herbicides, eg Tryquat ® (paraquat + diquat), which kill foliage of weeds but not root systems, so perennial weeds may regrow. Non-selective herbicides can be applied selectively (page 445). Soil residual herbicides are applied to soil where they remain active for some time after application. The extent to which a herbicide has a residual affect in the soil will vary depending upon several factors, eg soil pH and solubility of the herbicide. Soil residual herbicides are used to control: – Germinating weed seeds (pre-emergent herbicides) or – Roots of brush etc – For total vegetation control (soil sterilants) NON-SELECTIVE FOLIAGE, eg Roundup , Zero , various (glyphosate) NON-SELECTIVE ROOT, eg Diuron , various (diuron) SELECTIVE HERBICIDES Narrow spectrum SELECTIVE FOLIAGE,eg 2,4-D, dicamba and MCPA Broadleaved weeds Selective herbicides are more damaging to some plants (certain weeds) than to other plants (desired plants or crops), eg MCPA is used to control broadleaved weeds in turf. SELECTIVE FOLIAGE, eg Fusilade , various (fluazifop-pbutyl) Grass weeds SELECTIVE FOLIAGE,eg Garlon , various (triclopyr) Woody plants, broad leaved weeds, legumes SELECTIVE FOLIAGE & ROOT, eg Propon , Atlapon (2,2-DPA) Most annual & perennial grasses Some herbicides can be taken up by both foliage and roots. Weeds - Integrated Weed Management 443
Page 1 and 2:
PLANT PROTECTION 1 Pests, Diseases
Page 3 and 4:
PLANT PROTECTION 1 - Pests, Disease
Page 5 and 6:
Page 7 and 8:
Page 9 and 10:
Page 11 and 12:
Page 13 and 14:
Page 15 and 16:
Page 17 and 18:
Page 19 and 20:
Page 21 and 22:
Page 23 and 24:
Page 25 and 26:
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
Insect secretions PLANT PROTECTION
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
. PLANT PROTECTION 1 - Pests, Disea
Page 299 and 300:
Page 301 and 302:
Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
Page 309 and 310:
Page 311 and 312:
Page 313 and 314:
1 PLANT PROTECTION 1 - Pests, Disea
Page 315 and 316:
Page 317 and 318:
Page 319 and 320:
Page 321 and 322:
Page 323 and 324:
Page 325 and 326:
Page 327 and 328:
Page 329 and 330:
Page 331 and 332:
Page 333 and 334:
Page 335 and 336:
Page 337 and 338:
Page 339 and 340:
Page 341 and 342:
Page 343 and 344:
Page 345 and 346:
Page 347 and 348:
Page 349 and 350:
Page 351 and 352:
Page 353 and 354:
Page 355 and 356:
Page 357 and 358:
Page 359 and 360:
Page 361 and 362:
Page 363 and 364:
Page 365 and 366:
Control methods Cultural methods.
Page 367 and 368:
Page 369 and 370:
Page 371 and 372:
Page 373 and 374:
Page 375 and 376:
Page 377 and 378:
Page 379 and 380:
Page 381 and 382:
Page 383 and 384:
Page 385 and 386:
Page 387 and 388:
Page 389 and 390:
Page 391 and 392:
Page 393 and 394:
Page 395 and 396:
Page 397 and 398:
Page 399 and 400:
Page 401 and 402:
Page 403 and 404:
Page 405 and 406:
Page 407 and 408:
Page 409 and 410: PLANT PROTECTION 1 - Pests, Disease
Page 439 and 440: . PLANT PROTECTION 1 - Pests, Disea
Page 459: PLANT PROTECTION 1 - Pests, Disease
Page 503 and 504: Root structure of dock (Rumex spp.)
show all

PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?

PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds