PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds LIST OF SOME SPECIES COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME HOST RANGE (not exhaustive) (contd) Leafrolling thrips Teuchothrips spp. Callistemon, Melaleuca, Bursaria, Myoporum, Pittosporum Lily thrips (Victoria) Liriothrips vaneeckei Lily bulbs (between the scales) Maize thrips Frankliniella williamsii Maize Melon thrips Thrips palmi (vector for some Ornamentals, vegetables, weeds, Major pest Not known in Australia Obligate predatory thrips Facultative predatory thrips Onion thrips, cotton seedling thrips viruses, eg tomato spotted wilt) Thrips tabaci (vector for some viruses, eg tomato spotted wilt virus, iris yellow spot virus) cucurbits, grasses, Solanaceae Wide host range, mainly foliage of vegetables, eg onion, bean, pea, tomato, weeds, grasses, ornamentals, eg carnation, rose Plague thrips Thrips imaginis Mainly feeds on the blossoms of ornamentals, eg roses, fruit trees, vegetables, weeds Redbanded thrips Selenothrips rubrocinctus Cashew, mango, guava, avocado, mangosteen Strawberry thrips Scirtothrips dorsalis Strawberry, citrus fruit South African citrus thrips (Qld) Tomato thrips Scirtothrips aurantii Frankliniella schultzei (vector for some viruses, eg tomato spotted wilt) Ornamental and fruit crops, especially citrus Flowers of tobacco, cotton, grain legumes, lettuce, tomato, others Western flower F. occidentalis (vector for some Many ornamentals, fruit, thrips (WFT) viruses, eg tomato spotted wilt) vegetables, field crops Banded greenhouse Echinothrips americanus Ornamentals, woody ornamentals; thrips often intercepted in quarantine PREDATORY THRIPS Predatory thrips Aleurodothrips fasciapennis Scales on mango and citrus. (only on insects, mites) Podothrips sp. Scales on grasses and bamboo Sixspotted thrips Scolothrips sexmaculatus Spider mites on leaves Predatory thrips Desmothrips Feed on larvae of other thrips in Aelothrips flowers of grasses and native Andrewarthaia plants. Also feed on plant tissue FUNGAL-FEEDING THRIPS Giant thrips Idolothrips spectrum Fungal spores on dead up to 7 mm long and one of eucalypt leaves the largest thrips in the world About 50% of thrips feed only on fungal hyphae or their liquid breakdown products, some ingest whole fungal spores. Fungal-feeding species live in leaf litter, dead twigs and branches, flowers and pollen grains. Fig. 95. Onion thrips injury to onion leaves. PhotoCIT, Canberra (P.W.Unger). Fig. 96. Leafrolling thrips (Teuchothrips sp.) damage to new leaves of bottlebrush (Callistemon sp.). PhotoCIT, Canberra (P.W.Unger). See also page 33. 132 Insects and allied pests - Thysanoptera (Thrips)
PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds Gladiolus thrips Scientific name Thrips simplex (Thysanoptera). A key pest in Qld, SA, a minor pest in NSW and NT. An entire crop can be ruined if control is inadequate. Host range Ornamentals: Unlike many other species of thrips, gladiolus thrips is restricted in its host range. A major pest of gladiolus, minor pest of carnations, iris, calla or arum lily, torch lily or 'redhot poker' (Kniphofia sp.), montbretias (Tritonia spp.), and tiger flower (Tigridia pavonia). Description & damage Leaves, flowers and corms may be damaged by nymphs and adults rasping the surface of plant tissues and sucking up the sap which exudes. Adult females, are about 2 mm long, dark brown with 2 pairs of delicately fringed wings. Males are slightly smaller than females. Nymphs are similar to adults but are pale yellow and wingless. Pre-pupae and pupae are yellowish. Damage. Leaves. Young nymphs feed inside leaf sheaths and buds. Adults mostly feed in the open on leaves which become bleached and silvery. Extensive leaf damage may cause new corms to be stunted. Flowers. Thrips move into flower spikes as they develop. Flower spikes may be stunted, flowers may fail to open or be distorted or the petals marked with small pale flecks. Injury is often wrongly attributed to drought or disease. Slight injury especially on dark blooms appears as whitish or flecked areas, even a few flecks reduces their market value. Damage is very noticeable on dark-colored flowers. Corms. Thrips also feed and breed on corms in the ground and in storage. Surface of corms becomes sticky, then hard and scabby. Young root buds may also be injured. When damaged corms are planted, thrips feed on young roots and growth from the corm may be seriously affected. Diagnostics. Damage to leaves and flowers may be confused with damage caused by mites, drought, etc. It can be difficult to distinguish one species from another. Seek specialist advice if necessary. Home gardeners need to identify the problem only as thrips. Commercial growers need to identify the species of thrips, eg gladiolus thrips, western flower thrips (WFT) (page 138). Various keys are available, eg Lucidcentral: Search for a Thrips ID key www.lucidcentral.com/ Pest cycle There is a gradual metamorphosis (egg, nymph (2 stages), pre-pupa, pupa and adult) with many generations during the warmer months of the year. The life cycle from egg to adult varies from about 10 days in warm weather to a month or more under cool conditions. The tiny eggs are deposited in plant tissue. Nymphs and pre-pupae are found within leaf sheaths and flower buds, but the adults feed mainly in the open on the leaves. The pupal stage may be passed either on plants or in the soil beneath plants. ‘Overwintering’ In coastal areas all stages of the life cycle have been observed during winter. If plants are left for a long time in the field after flowering, thrips will migrate to, and ‘overwinter’ in, the corms as the leaves die down and continue feeding. Spread Adult thrips do not fly readily, migration through a gladiolus crop is slow, but is assisted by wind. By the movement of infested corms. Conditions favouring Hot dry conditions. Cool, wet weather affects them adversely and heavy rain at times destroys large numbers. Gladiolus thrips can cause serious damage to late flowering plants and stored gladiolus corms. Egg, 1 st and 2 nd stage nymphs Pre-pupa and pupa Adult thrips Natural size Fig. 97. Gladiolus thrips (Taeniothrips simplex). Photo NSW Dept of Industry and Investment. Insects and allied pests - Thysanoptera (Thrips) 133
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Insect secretions PLANT PROTECTION
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Control methods Cultural methods.
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Root structure of dock (Rumex spp.)
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PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds