PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds Symptoms on crowns, stems, roots Fig. 172. Collar rot (Phytophthora sp.) on citrus. PhotoNSW Dept of Industry and Investment. . . Fig. 173. Red wood rot fungus (Pycnoporus coccineus). Brackets at the base of the main leader of a peach tree. PhotoNSW Dept of Industry and Investment (M.S.Senior). Fig. 174. Stem canker (Coniothyrium fuckelii) on rose canes. PhotoNSW Dept of Industry and Investment. Fig. 176. Rhizoctonia stem rot (Rhizoctonia solani) on beans. Photo NSW Dept of Industry and Investment (M.S.Senior). Fig. 177. Damping off (various seedling trays. PhotoCIT, Canberra (P.W.Unger). Fig. 175. Phytophthora root rot (Phytophthora citrophthora) on a 2-year old rough lemon showing the absence of root hairs. PhotoNSW Dept of Industry and Investment. Non-specific symptoms Fig. 178. Peach leaf curl (Taphrina deformans). Severe defoliation of a peach tree affected by peach leaf curl causing smaller crops and seriously weakening the tree. PhotoNSW Dept of Industry and Investment. 318 Fungal diseases - Biology, identification and classification
PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds IDENTIFICATION Fruiting body of a wood rot fungus, a “conk” Powdery mildew Culture ALERT TESTING KIT DNA CLASSIFICATION Knowledge of classification helps in in understanding the biology of fungi and their control SYMPTOMS EXHIBITED BY THE HOST PLANT Foliage fungal diseases are possibly easier to diagnose in the field than other diseases but can still be difficult, expert help is often needed and nearly always needed for soil diseases. The presence of signs and symptoms may be sufficient for a preliminary diagnosis of some fungal diseases, eg signs of grey powdery coating on leaves (powdery mildew) or symptoms, eg leaf spots. DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION BY EXPERTS Microscopy detects and identifies some diseases which cannot be cultured, eg powdery mildew, or when fungicides have been previously applied. Examine affected tissue directly, under a low powered (dissecting) or high powered (compound) microscope for mycelium, fruiting structures and spores which may be sufficient for a useful diagnosis. If spores are lacking, diseased tissue can be kept in a high humidity chamber for a few days or cultured to promote spore development. Spores of some species of Phytophthora, Pythium and Cylindrocladium, or the characteristic hyphae of Rhizoctonia, can be identified this way. Lucid keys www.lucidcentral.org/ Interactive Key to the Fungi of Australia Key to Common Microscopic Fungi (for schools) Fungi of Australia Key to 101 Forest Fungi of Eastern Australia Isolation and culture from infected material obtains pure cultures of fungi which can be identified from the spores produced. Suspect plant tissue or seeds are placed on agar media and the organisms that grow from it identified. Others need to be incubated under certain temperature, aeration or light conditions to produce spores. Baiting for disease organisms, eg Phytophthora, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, involves floating plant material (carrot, lupin baits) on the surface of a representative sample of soil, media or water and observing the baits for signs of fungal invasion and rotting. Biochemical tests are used for accreditation schemes. Commercial growers use Alert Fungal Disease Kits to detect soil fungi, eg Phytophthora, Pythium, Rhizoctonia. ELISA tests are quick, efficient and mostly laboratory-based, some can be used on-site. The fungus reacts with chemical reagents to cause a detectable color change. DNA techniques are used to identify fungi, eg Phytophthora, black sigatoka smut of banana. The Phytophthora – IDENTIKIT has been marketed. An in-field clubroot diagnostic test is in the process of development. Wide range of soil pests and diseases can be identified from a single soil sample. CLASSIFICATION is mainly according to types of mycelium (with or without cross walls, etc) and sexual spores produced and can be complicated (Agrios 2005). Fungi and fungal-like organisms are grouped into various Phyla, eg Fungal-like organisms (various Kingdoms) which include the following phyla: – Myxomycota (slime moulds) on lowlying plants (not parasitic on plants). – Plasmodiophoromycota (endoparasitic slime moulds), eg powdery scab of potato tubers. – Oomycota (water moulds), eg Pythium, Phytophthora, downy mildews. True fungi belong to the Kingdom Fungi which include the following phyla: – Chytridiomycota (zoospores), eg Olpidium (can transmit virus diseases). – Zygomycota (spores in sporangia), eg bread moulds (Rhizopus, Mucor). – Ascomycota (ascospores in a sac), eg powdery mildews, peach leaf curl, yeast. Imperfect Fungi produce asexual spores, not known to produce sexual spores, eg some powdery mildews (Oidium sp.). – Basidiomycota (basidiospores in a club), eg mushrooms, wood rots, rusts, smuts. Sterile Fungi are not known to produce any kind of spores, eg Rhizoctonia. WHAT IS IT'S PROPER NAME? When the sexual state of an Imperfect or Sterile Fungus is found, it is usually given the name of the sexual stage. However, if the name of the asexual or sterile stage is common and well known, it may continue to be used in preference to the new name. Powdery mildew of pea Imperfect Fungi - Oidium sp. Ascomycota - Erisyphe pisi Rhizoctonia root rot Sterile Fungi - Rhizoctonia solani Basidiomycota - Thanatephorus cucumeris WHY IS KNOWLEDGE OF THE FUNGAL GROUP IMPORTANT? Most fungicides are selective, ie they are effective against one group of fungi but not another. Fungicides belonging to the same chemical groups tend to be effective against similar groups of fungi. There are exceptions and some of the newer fungicides are effective against both downy and powdery mildews. Fungal diseases - Biology, identification and classification 319
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Insect secretions PLANT PROTECTION
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Root structure of dock (Rumex spp.)
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PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds