PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds

PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds
REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
By the end of this topic, you should be able to do
the following:
1. List the distinctive features of bacteria.
2. Explain how bacteria reproduce and infect
host plants.
3. Describe symptoms on leaves, flowers, fruit,
seed, seedlings, branches, trunks, crowns, roots,
bulbs, corms and tubers produced by local
bacterial diseases. Name 1 example of each.
4. Recognize by sight, crown gall, bacterial
soft rot and other local bacterial diseases.
5. Distinguish between galls caused by
crown gall from those caused by other agents:
Root knot nematodes Nitrogen-fixing nodules
Lignotubers
Burr knots
Gall wasps
Rust fungi
6. Distinguish between bacterial and fungal
leaf spots.
7. Describe State/Territory/Commonwealth
legislation which provides for the control of
bacterial diseases.
8. List control methods for bacterial diseases.
Describe 1 example of each.
9. Describe how bacteria may be used to control
insect pests of plants.
10. Describe bacterial diseases for which it is
important to sterilize pruning tools
between each cut during pruning operations.
11. Explain how bacterial seedborne diseases
may be controlled.
12. Provide the active constituent, some trade
names and some uses for 1 bactericide.
13. Provide the following information for
crown gall and other local bacterial diseases:
Common name ‘Overwintering’
Cause
Spread
Host range
Conditions favouring
Symptoms
IDM & control methods
Disease cycle
14. Prepare/access an IDM. program for a bacterial
disease at your work or in your region.
15. Locate reference material and know where
to obtain advice on the identification and
control of bacterial diseases.
SELECTED REFERENCES
The Australasian Plant Pathology Society (APPSnet)
www.australasianplantpathologysociety.org.au/
The American Phytopathology Society (APSnet)
www.apsnet.org/
Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/
Fact Sheets by State/Territory Depts of Primary
Industries are available online, eg
Crown gall
Bacterial Canker of Stone fruit
Bacterial Spot of Stone fruit
Organic standards
AS 6000—2009. Standards Australia Organic and
Biodynamic Products. Standards Australia.
Organic Federation of Australia www.ofa.org.au
For organic certifiers, products etc
Quarantine
Commonwealth quarantine www.daff.gov.au/aqis
PaDIL - Pests and Diseases Image Library of diagnostic
photographs and information on more than 1000
pests and more than 100 diseases www.padil.gov,au
Target lists of weeds, insects, plant and animal pests and
diseases. www.daff.gov.au and search for target lists
State websites have information of certain bacterial diseases
and quarantine restrictions in their states
Bactericides
Pubcris. APVMA. Canberra www.apvma.gov.au
Infopest, Qld www.dpi.qld.gov.au/infopest
Croplife Australia www.cropelifeaustralia.org.au/
MSDS www.msds.com.au/
Company websites make labels and MSDSs available
Regional Orchard Pest & Disease Handbooks
General
Agrios, G. N. 2005. Plant Pathology. 5 th edn. Academic
Press, NY. also 4 th edn 1997.
American Phytopathological Society (APS) Press, St.
Paul, Minnesota produces compendiums on diseases
and pests of particular plants. www.shopapspress.org
Anyango, J. J. and Odhiambo, B. O. 2000. Eradicating
Crown Gall in Rosa hybrida Cultivars. American
Nurseryman May 15.
Bodman, K., Carson, C., Forsberg, L., Gough, N.,
Hughes, I., Parker, R., Ramsey, M. and Whitehouse,
M. 1996. Ornamental Plants : Pests, Diseases &
Disorders. Q196001. Qld DPI, Brisbane.
Brown, J. F. and Ogle, H. J. (eds). 1997. Plant
Pathogens and Plant Diseases. Rockvale Pubs.,
Armidale, NSW.
Cooke, T., Persley, D and House, S. (eds) 2009.
Diseases of Fruit Crops in Australia. CSIRO Pub.,
Melbourne.
Fahy, P. C. and Persley, G. J. 1983. Plant Bacterial
Diseases : A Diagnostic Guide. Academic Press,
North Ryde, NSW.
Goodwin, S., Steiner, M., Parker, R., Tesoriero, L., et al.
2000. Integrated Pest Management in Ornamentals :
Information Guide. Agrilink. QAL0004, NSW Agric.
Sydney.
Goodwin, S. and Steiner, M. (eds). 2000. The Pests,
Diseases, Disorders and Beneficials in Ornamentals
– Field Identification Guide. DPI. Will be available
as an electronic device for use in the field.
Horst, R. K. (ed.). 2008. Westcott's Plant Disease
Handbook. 7 th edn. eReference, originally published
by Springer, NY.
Janse, J. D. 2005. Phytobacteriology: Principles and
Practice. CABI Pub., Wallingford.
Jones, D. L. and Elliot, W. R. 1986. Pests, Diseases &
Ailments of Australian Plants. Lothian Pub.,
Melbourne.
McMaugh, J. 1994. What Garden Pest or Disease is
that? Lansdowne Press, Sydney.
Persley, D., Cooke, T. and House, S. 2010. Diseases of
Vegetable Crops in Australia. CSIRO Pub., Melbourne.
Ryder, M. H., Stephens, P., Bowen, G. D. (eds). 1994.
Improving Plant Production with Rhizosphere
Bacteria. CSIRO, Melbourne.
Stephens, R. (ed.). 2001. Water Fogging and Misting
Systems : Are they a Risk to Human Health. The
Nursery Papers 2001/5, Melbourne.
Streton, C. and Gibb, K. 2006. Phytoplasma Diseases in
Sub-tropical and Tropical Australia. Australasian Plant
Pathology 35, 129-146.
Vadakattu, G. and Paterson, J. 2006. Free-living Bacteria
Lift Soil Nitrogen Supply. Farming Ahead, Feb.
Walker, G. 2006. Biocontrol Organisms and Human
Health. Australasian Nematology Newsletter, Vol.7,1.
312 Bacterial diseases