Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming XI

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Huang, Z., Tanaka, T. & Ogita, F. (2008). Propelling efficiency in elite Japanese female swimmers. Proceedings of Annual meeting of Japanese Society of Sciences in Swimming and Water Exercise, 70-73 (in Japanese). Mollendorf, J.C., Termin, A.C.,II, Oppenheim, E. & Pendergast D.R. (2004). Effect of swim suit design on passive drag. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 36, 1029 -1035. Ogita, F., Tanaka, T., Tamaki, H., Wagatsuma, A., Hamaoka, T. & Toussaint H.M. (2006). Metabolic and mechanical characteristics of Olympic female gold medalist. In: Vilas-Boas J.P., Alves F., & Marques A. (eds.), Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming X, Porto; Portuguese journal of sport sciences 6, Suppl 2, 194-197. Ogita, F, Tamaki, H., Wagatsuma, A. & Maeda, A. (2004). The determinants of swimming performance – from the mechanical and metabolic analysis with MAD system. Decent Sports Science, 25, 122-130. (in Japanese with English abstract) Ogita, F., Onodera, T., Tamaki, H., Toussaint, H.M., Hollander, A.P. & Wakayoshi K. (2003). Metabolic profile during exhaustive arm stroke, leg kick, and whole body swimming lasting 15s to 10 min. In: Chatard J.-C. (ed), Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming IX, , Saint-Etienne, 361-366. Ogita, F., Tanaka, T. & Taguchi, N. (1996). The effects of the difference of material, size and cutting type of swimming wear on energy expenditure during swimming. Decent Sports Science, 17, 101-112. (in Japanese with English abstract) Roberts, B.S., Kamel, K.S., Hedrick, C.E., Mclean, S.P. & Sharp R.L. (2003). Effect of a Fastskin TM suit on submaximal freestyle swimming. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 35, 519-524. Toussaint, H.M., Truijens, M., Elzinga, M.-J., van de Ven A., de Best H., Snabel B. & de Groot G. (2002). Effect of a Fast-skin TM ‘body’ suit on drag during front crawl swimming. Sports Biomech, 1,1-10. Toussaint, H.M., Hollander, A.P., van den Berg C. & Vorontsov, A.R. (2000). Biomechanics of swimming. In: Garret W.E., & Kirkendall D.T. (eds.), Exercise and Sports Science (pp, 639-660). Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins. Toussaint, H.M. & Hollander, A.P. (1994). Energetics of competitive swimming, Implications for training programmes. Sports Med, 18, 384-405. Toussaint, H.M., Beelen, A., Rodenburg, A., Sargeant, A.J., de Groot, G., Hollander A.P. & van Ingen Schenau G.J. (1988a). Propelling efficiency of front-crawl swimming. J Appl Physiol, 65, 2506-2512. Toussaint, H.M., de Groot, G., Savelberg H.H.C.M., Vervoorn, K., Hollander, A.P. & van Ingen Schenau, G.J. (1988b). Active drag related to velocity in male and female swimmers. J Biomech, 21, 435- 438. Waring, J. (1999). Reduction of drag of a submerged swimmer using vortex generators. MSc. thesis, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. AcKnoWledGeMents This study is partly supported by a Grant-in-Aid for THE DESCEN- TE AND ISHIMOTO MEMORIAL FOUNDATION FOR THE PROMOTION OF SPORTS SCIENCE. chaPter3.PhysioLogyandBioenergetics Relationship between Heart Rate and Water Depth in the Standing Position onodera, s. 1 , Yoshioka, A. 1 , Matsumoto, n. 1 , takahara, t. 1 , nose, Y. 1 , hirao, M. 1 , seki, K. 2 , nishimura, K. 3 , Baik, W. 1 , hara, h. 4 , Murakawa, t. 5 1 Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Kurashiki City, Japan 2 University of Marketing and Distribution Sciences, Kobe City, Japan 3 Hirosima Institute of Technology, Hiroshima City, Japan 4 Kokugakuin University, Yokohama City, Japan 5 Tokai University, Hiratsuka City, Japan The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between heart rate and water depth during standing submersion. Seven volunteers participated in this study. Subjects were in a standing position, in a test tank, for nine conditions of water depth. The water temperature was 34ºC. Heart rate significantly decreased during increase of water depth, and significantly increased during decrease of water depth. The changes in heart rate were statistically different (ANOVA, P
BiomechanicsandmedicineinswimmingXi results Fig. 1 shows the kinetics of the heart rate in each condition of water depth. Heart rate significantly decreased during increase of water depth (on land: 80 (SD: 9) b/m, knee joint: 73 (SD: 7) b/m, greater trochanter: 70 (SD: 7) b/m, xiphoid process: 63 (SD: 7) b/m, under the collarbone: 62 (SD: 9) b/m). In the other hand, heart rate significantly increased during decrease of water depth (xiphoid process: 62 (SD: 4) b/m, greater trochanter: 64 (SD: 9) b/m, knee joint: 68 (SD: 5) b/m, on land: 77 (SD: 8) b/m). The changes in heart rate were statistically different (ANOVA, P
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Figure 1. General biomechanical par
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Figure 2. Repeatability of the LTin
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• Without restriction; • Blinde
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etween experimental groups and cont
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Pahlen Norge AS Pahlen Norge AS Cha
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