Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming XI

More documents

Recommendations

Info

are given. The featured particularity of girls in comparison with boys is a higher parameter of sport achievement level. At the same time they do not differ on age, parameters of biological maturity and swimming career duration. As well, girls come short on morpho-functional parameters and especially on integrated characteristics of capacity and efficiency of the aerobic mechanism of power supply, compared with boys. However the ECG analysis of girls before the test was identical to the boys, but girls had higher parameters of cardiovascular system adaptation after testing to the point of exhaustion (in a flume). We want to emphasize that at a later stage, none of the female swimmers from this class reached the level of elite competition. Table 5. Mean values of parameters in classes of the strongest swimmers at the age of 14 years (M and SD) Table 5. Mean values of parameters in classes of the strongest swimmers at the age of 14 years (M and SD) Parameters Classes Girls, n = 21 Boys, n = 22 Qualification, nominal units 4.21 ± 0.55 3.38 ± 0.99 CA, months 167.05 ± 3.11 168.71 ± 3.09 ВA, points 4.99 * ± 0.79 4.94 ± 1.01 CA– ВA, years -0.37 ± 0.53 0.82 ± 0.99 Training experience, years 6.07 ± 0.73 6.00 ± 1.15 Height, сm 166.94 ± 5.72 174.97 ± 7.53 Weight, kg 55.56 ± 5.20 61.68 ± 7.42 Chest circumference, сm 83.67 ± 3.21 90.10 ± 3.67 Biceps circumference, сm 24.86 ± 1.73 26.69 ± 1.78 Hand strength, kg 28.95 ± 4.34 42.48 ± 6.38 Lung Capacity, l 3.58 ± 0.42 5.07 ± 0.74 Bone mass, kg 9.88 ± 0.91 12.84 ± 1.50 Muscle mass, kg 24.37 ± 2.68 30.25 ± 4.21 Fat mass, kg 10.16 ± 2.18 8.37 ± 1.84 Brachium-pelvic index 1.39 ± 0.10 1.45 ± 0.08 VO2 max, l / m 2.98 ± 0.59 4.61 ± 0.46 LV, l 92.84 ± 22.72 117.44 ± 18.16 O2P, ml /beats/min 16.23 ± 3.76 25.40 ± 3.15 ECG before load, n.u. 4.67 ± 0.56 4.65 ± 0.53 Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming XI 84 Chapter * 5 Biological Education, age Advice in girls and Biofeedback = 5 points corresponding to the first menses age. ECG after In load, table n.u. 6 the different ways 4.89 of categorizing ± 0.29 the 4.43 athletes ± 0.83 are presented. * Biological Among age in representatives girls = 5 points corresponding of these classes to the there first menses are swimmers age. who per- In table formed 6 the different at a later ways date of as national categorizing swimming the athletes team are members presented. at Among the in- representatives ternational of these level. classes Parameter there are comparison swimmers who testifies performed that at the a later Class date of as 11 national girls-swimmers swimming team generally members at do the not international differ from level. the Parameter above class comparison analysis testifies that the Сlass of 11 girls-swimmers generally do not differ from the above class analysis concerning concerning chronologic chronologic and and biological biological age. Nevertheless, age. Nevertheless, they have they greater have body height greater and body also height more athletic and also constitution more athletic characteristics. constitution However, characteristics. the most important However, difference the for most them (from important a class difference of girls in table for them 5) is that (from they a already class of at girls the age of 14 years had more appreciably dimension of physiological characteristics (VO2 in table 5) is that they already at the age of 14 years had more appre- max; O2P; LV, etc.). Boys of a class n=16 also have greater height and are biologically more mature. ciably At dimension the same time of physiological on body proportions characteristics they have a (VO less 2 strong-build max; O2P; and LV, less relative etc.). subcutaneous Boys of a class fat. n=16 also have greater height and are biologically more mature. At the same time on body proportions they have a less Table 6. Mean values of analysed parameters in classes of 14 years swimmers of varying strong-build characteristics and (M and less SD) relative subcutaneous fat. Parameters Classes Girls, n = 11 Boys, n = 16 Qualification, nominal units 4.18 ± 0.39 3.68 ± 0.41 CA, months 167.91 ± 2.58 168.01 ± 1.98 BA, points 4.89 ± 0.93 5.44 ± 1.31 CA – BA, years - 0.42 ± 0.61 1.02 ± 0.79 Training Experience, years 5.64 ± 0.98 5.77 ± 1.15 Height, cm 170.50 ± 3.30 180.94 ± 4.39 Weight, kg 56.03 ± 4.64 66.89 ± 4.99 Chest circumference, сm 85.91 ± 4.30 92.50 ± 2.44 Biceps circumference, сm 25.06 ± 1.53 27.46 ± 1.84 Hand strength, kg 28.95 ± 6.41 43.31 ± 7.18 Lung Capacity, l 3.77 ± 0.46 5.69 ± 0.24 Bone mass, kg 9.88 ± 0.91 13.81 ± 0.95 Muscle mass, kg 25.83 ± 3.32 33.29 ± 3.23 Fat mass, kg 10.61 ± 2.52 8.57 ± 1.80 Brachium-pelvic index, n.u. 1.38 ± 0.08 1.41 ± 0.08 VO2 max, l / m 3.79 ± 0.32 ⎯ LV, l 102.43 ± 27.35 ⎯ O2P, ml /beats/min 20.85 ± 2.76 ⎯ DISCUSSION Table 6. Mean values of analysed parameters in classes of 14 years swim- The analysis carried out reveals a complex process of the best performers changing in their development mers of varying while characteristics in junior swimming. (M and The SD) findings show that swimmers of different characteristics at the age of 13-14 years can achieve success in this sport. Among girls, swimmers gain advantage over others, through optimum body parameters and excellent adaptation possibilities of their cardiovascular system. It dIscussIon allows them to start intensive training early which does not lead to the necessary development The analysis of the carried aerobic out power reveals supply a complex mechanisms. process In of a the quantitative best performers sense changing in their development while in junior swimming. The findings show that swimmers of different characteristics at the age of 13-14 years can achieve success in this sport. Among girls, swimmers gain advantage over others, through optimum body parameters and excellent adaptation possibilities of their car- chaPter5.education,adviceandBiofeedBack diovascular system. It allows them to start intensive training early which does not lead to the necessary development of the aerobic power supply mechanisms. In a quantitative sense independently of the different age-groups and generations the girls with retardation of biological maturity prevailed. Due to peculiarities of their body type and biological development they are inclined to swim in training regimes at a more moderate speed. That helps to boost aerobic capability.(tab.5). There is a further explanation of the preference of selecting swimmers with a body weight deficit and a retardation of puberty signs in girls. Only at the age of 16-17 years the tendency to prevalence of a somatotype according to requirements of modern sports is observed. However the representation of swimmers in these age categories is already at a minimum. The 12 years of investigation of the same high level swimmers have revealed a decrease in a selection tendency of swimmers with inadequate typology of age-related development for sports aiming at high level achievement. The change in selection trends occurred against an age increase of swimmers of the reserves of the country national team. Accordingly, we have observed a growth of the number of swimmers with optimum body parameters concerning requirements for this particular sport. Table 6 shows that girls who moved forward at a later age in their sport results did not differ from the strongest swimmers at the age of 14 years. But features of their physical development (tallness, body weight deficit) did not allow coping with high intensity training loads. Training in more optimal regimes was reflected in an advantage in aerobic development possibilities. Thus, research has confirmed the necessity of accounting for age development features and the orientation of training for peak achievements at a later age. conclusIons The competitive activity success at a juvenile age is defined often by a choice of the sports preparation strategy and the influence of swimmer phenotype, including features of biological development. At the age of decisive hormonal shifts (13-14 years) athletes with a certain typology have the advantage. They coincide with the age norm regarding the pace of puberty and possess high adaptive capacities of the cardiovascular system. However, their ability to endure a high intensity training load is negatively reflected in their aerobic development possibilities. Such a situation further affects the dynamics of sport achievement growth. Features of athlete physical development, particularly growth in body height connected with asthenisation does not at this age allow training at high intensity. Accordingly, these swimmers reach their best results at a later age. Their advantage in the development of aerobic power supply mechanisms also promotes this. Therefore, this provides them with the best adaptation to training at higher intensity at a more mature age. These revealed tendencies are more precisely shown in the comparative analysis of the high level young swimmers’ data of different generations. reFerences Brettschneider, W.D. (2001) Involvement of organized sports and adolescent development. In: Book of Abstracts, 6-th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science: ”Perspectives and Profiles”. Cologne, July 24-28, 2001. p. 16 Bulgakova, N.Z. & I.V. Tchebotareva (1999). Analysis of the concepts and the effectiveness of preparing the sports reserve in swimming for the period of seventies – nineties. In: “Wychowanie Fizyczne i Sport”. Proceeding of the 3 rd International Scientific Congress on Modern Olympic Sport, vol. XLIII, Warszawa, p. 77-78. Klyuchnikova, M.V. (2000). Ispolzovanie kriteriev biologicheskogo razvitiya v upravlenii podgotovkoi yunykh sportsmenov (na primere sportivnogo plavaniya) [The use of biological development criteria in management of young sportsmen preparation (at example of competitive swimming)]. Ph.D. Thesis in Educational Science: Moscow, VNIIFK, 170 p 345
BiomechanicsandmedicineinswimmingXi Schmidt, W. (2001) Changes and trends in children’s sport career in Germany. In: Book of Abstracts // 6-th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science: ”Perspectives and Profiles”. Cologne, July 24-28. p 59 Timakova, T.S.(1985) Mnogoletnyaya podgotovka plovtsa i ee individualizatsia (biologicheskie aspekty) [The Multi-year swimming training and its individualization (biological aspects)] , Moskva : FiS., 144 p. (in Russian) Tiimakova, T.S. (2006) Podgotovka yunikh plovtsov v aspektakh ontogeneza (Metodicheskoe posobie) [Young swimmers training in aspects of ontogeny (Textbook of methodics)]. Moscow, “Semilia”,- 132 p. (in Russian) 346 The Cognitive Interplay Between Sensory and Biomechanical Features While Executing Flip Turns Wearing Different Swim Suits Vieluf, s. 1 3 , ungerechts, B.e. 1 , toussaint, h.M. 2 , lex, h. 1 , schack, t. 1 1 Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany 2 Free University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands 3 Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany A flip turn is a motor action due to a combination of the established competence matching features of postures and situational influences. In general, movements are organized at different cognitive levels including their sensory effects. Every movement is formed by cognitive units, called Basic Action Concepts. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the influence of sensory effects on the biomechanical outcome of the flip turn technique under two different conditions: regular and high tech full swim suit. Methods were biomechanical analysis for the flip turn, a questionnaire for examining the strength of sensory effects, and two sets for the structure dimension analysis–motorics. The results revealed a close connection between the cognitive representation of the sensory based effects of flip turn technique and their biomechanical structure. Keywords: flip turn, biomechanics, mental representation, swim suit IntroductIon Swimming is the result of displaced water mass which cause buoyancy and momentum, when set in motion by body movements. Body movements are controlled through cognitive and physiological frameworks. This holds true for activities in aquatic space where the interaction between the body and the surrounding water mass is of importance for an understanding beyond a simple biomechanical approach. Swimming experts know about the relevance of this interaction, but there is only modest scientific evidence concerning the connection of perception and action. Following Bernstein (1967) voluntary movements: • are stored in memory at different levels as a structure subdivided into details –as an idea or image- but not as chains of details and organized in long term memory as perceptual-cognitive (mental) representations. • are the result of perceptible events through a mental representation of anticipated characteristic (e.g. sensory) effects. • means that goals and effects of a movement are stored together and thus each volitional movement is stored effect-coded to achieve movement aims. . • are realisations of action goals or images. Following the hierarchical movement organization of Schack (2004), voluntary movements are represented in the long term memory, including their internal and external effects in units, characterized as Basic Action Concepts (BACs), which are represented at the level of mental control. These BACs are integrated in a hierarchical cognitive architecture. In this context, movements are realizing action goals evoked by motivation, cognition, and emotion, which are grounded on auditory, visual, or kinaesthetic cues (Schack, 2004). According to this cognitive architecture, motor actions are activated and composed of BACs. The internal and external features of BACs are triggered by an image of the voluntary executed movement. Therefore, information from the environment is needed to perform adequately. Links between sensory effects of a movement and corresponding motor commands will be established while executing an action and, moreover, create a specific expertise. In other words, a more adequate image will be created. A study of the cognitive representation of a swimming technique, including their sensory effects and biomechanics, needs to use an established technique, which in the present study is the flip-turn executed un-
Page 1 and 2:
Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimmi
Page 3 and 4:
Bibliographic information: Biomecha
Page 5 and 6:
Biomechanicsandmedicinein
Page 7 and 8:
Page 9 and 10:
Page 11 and 12:
Page 13 and 14:
Page 15 and 16:
Page 17 and 18:
Page 19 and 20:
Page 21 and 22:
Page 23 and 24:
Page 25 and 26:
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Figure 1. General biomechanical par
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
average VO2 measured during resting
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Fourteen highly trained male swimme
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
Figure 2. Repeatability of the LTin
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296: Biomechanicsandmedicinein
Page 299 and 300: -ARM * 5 Biomechanicsandmedic
Page 319 and 320: • Without restriction; • Blinde
Page 345: Biomechanicsandmedicinein
Page 359 and 360: etween experimental groups and cont
Page 391: Pahlen Norge AS Pahlen Norge AS Cha
show all

Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming XI

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?