Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming XI

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Time (sec) Figure 1. VE kinetic responses of interpolated data to value of 0 l.min -1 during swimming with different intensities to the moment when all swimmers were able to perform the predefined load. With ANOVA significant changes were found between interpolated values of VE from 10 to 80 seconds (p
BiomechanicsandmedicineinswimmingXi were reached (Table 1.). Something similar was observed with maximal heart rate values (Table 3.). Additionally, kinetics of HR frequency was similar at 110% intensity to that at 100% intensity (Figure 4.). From our results it could be concluded that the aerobic energy supply to working muscles could be limited by the cardiovascular system at supra-maximal intensities (no further increase of maximal heart rate and kinetic responses of heart rate). However at the beginning of the swimming, swimmers were able to compensate the insufficient energy supply by aerobic processes with increased energy production by anaerobic lactic processes, since increased lactate production per unit of time was found with increasing intensity of swimming (Figure 3.). However when the level of acidosis and lactate concentration at 110% intensity was similar to that at 100% intensity swimmers were no longer able to swim at that intensity (Table 2.). From the results it was not possible to demonstrate that insufficient energy supply is the limiting factor of maximal performance in front crawl swimming. However, when certain levels of V E , Vo 2 , HR, pH and lactate concentration were reached, similar to those at maximal intensity, swimmers were no longer able to swim at selected supra-maximal intensity. conclusIon The energy cost of swimming increases as a function of the speed. With increase of swimming speed the sum of energy supply during swimming should increase from either alactic (AnAl), lactic (AnL) and aerobic (Aer) processes. It is concluded that insufficient energy supply because limitations in aerobic and anaerobic lactic processes occur, could limit the maximal speed of swimmers for 200 m front crawl. However there is still the open question as to whether the swimmers studied need more aerobic training or do they need more anaerobic training to better their performances in the 200 m front crawl or do they need to improve their swimming technique. reFerences Capelli C., Pendergast D.R., Termin B. (2005). Energetics of swimming at maximal speeds in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 78,385-393. Holmer I. (1974). Physiology of swimming man. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica supplementum 407, 1 – 55. Monpetit R., Lavoie J.M., Cazorla G. (1988). Energy expenditure during front crawl swimming: a comparision between males and females. In: Ungerechts BE, Wilke K, Reisschee K. Swimming Science V. Human Kinetics, Champaign III., pp 229-236. Prampero P.E. di. (1986). The energy cost of human locomotion on land and in water. Int J Sports Med 7,55-72. Toussaint H.M., Beelen A., Rodenburg A., Sargeant A.J., de Groot G., Holander P., Ingen Schenau AG van (1988). Propelling efficenciy of front crawl swimming. J Appl Physiol 65, 2506-2512. Toussaint H.M., Meulemans A., De Groot G., Hollander A.P., Schreurs W., & Vervoorn K. (1987). Respiratory valve for oxygene uptake measurments during swimming. Eur J Appl Physio. 56, 363-366. Zamparo P., Capelli C., Cautero M., Di Nino A. (2000). Energy cost of front crawl swimming at supra-maximal speeds and underwater torque in young swimmers. Eur J Appl Physiol 83,487-491. Zamparo P., Pendergast D.R., Mollendorf J., Termin A., Minetti E.A. (2005). An energy balance of front crawl. Eur J Appl Physiol 94,134- 144. 230 Lactate Comparison Between 100m Freestyle and Tethered Swimming of Equal Duration Thanopoulos, V., rozi, G., Platanou, t. Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science, University of Athens, Greece The purpose of the present study was to compare the blood lactate concentrations after two tests of maximal intensity: a) 100m freestyle swimming and b) tethered swimming of equal duration with the test of 100m freestyle. Furthermore, the force produced in tethered swimming was measured. Twelve male competitive swimmers participated in this study. Capillary blood samples were obtained 3 o , 5 o and 7 o min after the end of each test. Analysis of the results showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the lactate concentration in the tethered swimming test and the test of 100m freestyle swimming. Moreover, there was correlation between performance in 100 m and force in tethered swimming (r= -0.63). The results indicate that when tethered swimming is used for sprinters, it seems more adequate to analyze the values of mean force because as a mechanical characteristic, it better describes sprinters achievements. Keywords: blood lactate, pulling force, freestyle sprinters, swimming performance IntroductIon Maximal swimming velocity, especially at sprint distances, except for technical ability depends on pulling force characteristics and maximal anaerobic lactic capacity that is proportional with maximum production of lactic acid. In order to determine maximum lactate accumulation, several middle distance tests are used as well as resistance swimming. The most common test for anaerobic capacity is 100m freestyle. Several researchers have also used tethered swimming. The test most widely used to measure pulling force realized in swimming is the tethered swimming test (Keskinen et al., 1989; Sidney et al., 1996; Maglischo, 2003). Furthermore, tethered swimming is one of the most famous types of training for swimmers and aims at increasing maximum speed and strength (Maglishco, 2003). The subject wears a special belt and swims at the same point (tethered swimming Bonen et al., 1980). Viewed kinematically, swimming is a series of cyclic movements performed by alternation of arm and leg strokes. Each stroke results in a characteristic force, which pulls the swimmer forward and is realized by contracting the muscles involved. Many researchers suggested this mean of training that helps in increasing maximum speed and improving strength for better preparation of swimmers. (Colwin; 1993; Counsilman, 1979; Hannula, 1995; Smith, 2002; Maglischo, 2003). Some other reviewers found positive correlation between swimming performance and muscular strength that can be measured in several ways (Sharp et al., 1982; Costill et al., 1983; Hawley & Williams, 1991; Crowe et al., 1999). Previous research has focused only on the relationship between the maximal pulling force or the average of maximal pulling forces (Fmax or avgFmax) of a single stroke realized in a time interval of 10 seconds, and the swimming velocity achieved mainly at sprint distances (Sidney et al., 1996, Dopsaj, 2000). In terms of measurements, Fmax or avgFmax contains information solely about the force peak point or the average of such points achieved for the given single strokes realized by tethered swimming. On the other hand, force as a measurable value which is a product of muscle contraction is defined by at least two more dimensions, i.e., by its increment gradient/ its increment in time (RFD – rate of force development) and by the impulse of force (ImpF) (Zatsiorsky, 1995), the realization of which can be reliably measured in water during tethered swimming (Dopsaj, 2000).
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Pahlen Norge AS Pahlen Norge AS Cha
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