Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming XI

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Figure 3 presents the evolution in the relative frequency of each subcategory within the 1971-2006 time frame. About the “scientific area” it is possible to verify that at any given moment there is a major interest about one or a couple of specific issues, besides “Biomechanics” and “Physiology”. For example, in 1983 there were several papers published about “Hydrodynamics”, in 1988 “Biochemistry”, in 1992 “Anthropometry” and in 2006 “Interdisciplinary assessment”. For the “aquatic activity” “Competitive swimming” was always on top. However, starting in 1999 there was an increasing interest for “Head-out aquatic exercises” and “Fin swimming”. Figure 2. Partial contribution of each sub-category for “swimming science” in the period of time from 1971 to 2006. Figure 3. Evolution of sub-categories in each proceeding book edition between 1971 and 2006. chaPter5.education,adviceandBiofeedBack dIscussIon There was an increasing number of papers published within the period of time analyzed (ranging from 23 papers in 1971 to 145 manuscripts in 2006). So, “swimming science” seems to be increasing since 1971, as the number of research groups focused in this sport is increasing, as well as, the number of research projects developed by each group. The 1996 book was the only one that did not present a greater number of papers in comparison to the previous edition. From the 80 studies presented at the VII th Symposium in Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming, only 36 were selected to be published. This means that from the 1992 edition (with 64 papers published/presented) to the 1996 edition there was actually an increase in the number of studies presented. Comparing the sub-categories related to “Aquatic activity” the one with most research conducted was clearly “Competitive swimming” (ranging from 78.8 % in 1971 to 100 % in 1996). In the last decade there is a slight but increasing interest in “Head-out aquatic exercises” (e.g., the second most studied aquatic activity in 2006 with 6.9 %). Aquatic activity was for a long time synonymous with swimming. Added to this, “Water polo” was also specially under the BMS scope, as is verified by the name of the 1971 proceeding book: “First International Symposium on Biomechanics in Swimming, Water Polo and Diving”. Nowadays “Head-out aquatic exercises” are gathering a large part of the persons practicing physical activity in aquatic centres. Indeed, these facilities provide services that are complementary to “traditional” competitive sports, such as “Head-out aquatic activities”. This is related to the increasing importance of aquatic activity for health. Starting in 1999 there was also an increasing interest in “Fin swimming”. “Fin swimming” now has a more consistent position among the aquatic competitive sports. “Fin swimming” has competitions at all levels, including international and media attention is increasing in some countries. Analyzing the main “scientific area” of study, “Biomechanics” was the most common area (ranging from 27.3 % in 1988 to 60 % in 1979), followed by “Physiology”. As “Biomechanics” and “Physiology” were within the origins of this scientific meeting, it is logical that they are the largest sub-categories. It is consensual that biomechanical and physiological profiles of a swimmer are determinant factors for his/her performance enhancement. Since 2003 an increasing trend in “Interdisciplinary assessment” manuscripts is verified. There is now a trend to understand not only how each scientific area determines performance, but also how they interplay. At certain periods of the history of BMS the major area of interest in addition to “Biomechanics” and “Physiology” (e.g., in 1983 the “Hydrodynamics”, in 1988 the “Biochemistry”, in 1992 the “Anthropometry” and in 2006 the “Interdisciplinary assessment”). It seems there are some topics that are deeply explored in a given moment by several research groups. conclusIon As a conclusion, there is a significant increase in scientific production regarding aquatic activities throughout the 1971-2006 period. Concerning the scientific area the main interests are related to “Biomechanics” and “Physiology”. Recently there is a trend in “Interdisciplinary assessment”. “Competitive swimming” is the main aquatic activity studied. In the last proceedings, the tendency for a higher interest in “Head-out aquatic activities” was verified. reFerences Clarys, J.P. (1996). The historical perspective of swimming science. Foreword to the Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming VII. In: Troup J.P., Hollander A.P., Strasse D., Trappe S.W., Cappaert J.M., Trappe T.A. (eds), Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming VII (pp xi-xxxiv). London: E & FN Spon. AcKnoWledGMents Ana M. Cruz would like to acknowledge the Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation (Research Integration Grant BII - CIDESD/ UTAD). 313
BiomechanicsandmedicineinswimmingXi Quantitative Data Supplements Qualitative Evaluations of Butterfly Swimming Becker, t.J. 1 , havriluk, r. 2 1 Everett Pacific Industrial Rehabilitation, Seattle, USA 2 Swimming Technology Research, Tallahassee, USA As mechanical advantage increases with both shoulder extension and elbow flexion during the beginning of the butterfly pull, it was hypothesized that hand force would significantly increase with two events: 1) when the hands first submerge below the level of the shoulders and 2) when elbow flexion begins. Female swimmers (n = 23) from three university teams were tested with Aquanex+Video, swimming butterfly over a 20 m course. As hypothesized, there was a significant (p
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average VO2 measured during resting
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Pahlen Norge AS Pahlen Norge AS Cha
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