Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming XI

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not related to VO 2 , HR or La, thus the differences observed are most likely caused by a real increase in swimming body angle and increased resistance. conclusIon Significantly less energy is used when swimming breaststroke with the normal breathing pattern than with the head always up. This seems to justify the emphasis on mastering breathing techniques which most aquatic professionals would support. This is one example of how improved technique can have a real effect on potential survival in a life threatening situation. reFerences Brozek, J., Grande, F., Anderson, J. & Keys A. (1963). Densiometric analysis of body composition: Revision of some quantitative assumptions. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 110:96-108, sept. Cureton, T.K. (1943). Warfare Aquatics. Champaign, IL, Stipes Publishing Katch, F., Michael, E. & Horvath, S. (1967). Estimation of body volume in assessment of body composition by under water weighing: description of a simple method. J Appl Physiol, 23:811-813, Nov Langendorfer, S.J. & Bruya, L.D. (1995). Aquatic Readiness. Champaign, IL, Human Kinetics Lanoe, F. (1963). Drownproofing. Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Prentiss – Hall Sinclair, A. & Henry H. (1893). Swimming. London, Longmans Skullberg, A. (1985). Mennesker og vann (Man & water). Norwegian Maritime Directory. Stallman, R.K. (1971). The relationship of body density and selected anthropometric measures to the acquisition of beginning swimming skills. Unpublished PhD thesis, Univ. Of Illinois, Champaign, IL Stallman, R.K., Junge M. & Blixt T. (2008). The teaching of swimming based on a model derived from the causes of drowning. Int J of Aquatic Research and Educ. 2(4), 372-382. Thomas, R. (1904). Swimming. London, UK: Sampson, Low, Marston Whiting, H.T.A. (1971). The persistant non-swimmer. London, Museum Press Wilke, K. (2007). Schwimmen Lernen. Aachen, Germany, Meyer & Meyer Verlag chaPter6.medicineandwatersafety Post-exercise Hypotension and Blood Lipoprotein Changes following Swimming Exercise tanaka, h., sommerlad, s.M., renzi, c.P., Barnes, J.n., and nualnim, n. The University of Texas at Austin, USA It is not known whether an acute bout of swimming exercise results in similar changes in risk factors for coronary heart disease. To address this question, a total of 20 apparently healthy subjects were studied. Each subject performed 3 experimental sessions (time control, running exercise, and swimming exercise) separated by at least one week. Brachial blood pressure did not change after the 3 sessions. However, both running and swimming produced significant decreases in ankle blood pressure compared with the time control (P
BiomechanicsandmedicineinswimmingXi swim were excluded from the study. All subjects were non-smokers, non-obese, and free of overt cardiovascular or other chronic diseases as assessed by medical history. None of the subjects were taking cardiovascular-acting medications. The Human Research Committee reviewed and approved all procedures, and written informed consent was obtained from all subjects. Procedures. Subjects came into the laboratory after 12 hours fasting. Each subject performed all 3 experimental sessions (time control, running exercise, and swimming exercise) randomized and separated by at least one week. During the time control sessions, subjects sat in a temperature-controlled laboratory room. The exercise protocol for the swimming and running sessions consisted of interval training exercises at an intensity of ~75% of heart rate reserve determined from the graded exercise test. The target heart rate during swimming was adjusted on the basis of the observation that maximal heart rate during swimming is ~10-13 bpm lower than that during running (Magel et al., 1975). The intervals were five 10-minute bouts of exercise with 1 minute of rest between each bout (for a total for 54 minutes). During pilot studies, many subjects expressed difficulty in swimming continuously for a prolonged period of time. This necessitated the implementation of the interval exercise format for the present study. All subjects wore a waterproof heart rate monitor to maintain the desired intensity of exercise as well as to document exercise heart rate. Subjects used the freestyle technique in an indoor swimming pool. During the running session, subjects ran on a treadmill in a temperature-controlled room. During both exercise sessions, subjects consumed a standard amount of water. We made an attempt to include a sham control session, in which subjects floated in the indoor swimming pool using a floatation device. But this session was abandoned due to excessive heat loss and the resultant reduction in body temperature. Blood pressure was measured before each session noninvasively three times in the laboratory by the arm and ankle cuff techniques (Omron VP-2000, Bannockburn, IL) after the subject had been quietly lying in a supine position for at least 10-15 minutes. In order to eliminate investigator bias, arterial blood pressure was measured automatically with modified oscillometric pressure sensors incorporated in extremity cuffs. The validity and reliability of measuring ankle blood pressure using this automated device have previously been reported by our laboratory (Cortez-Cooper et al., 2003). The blood pressure measurements were repeated after exercise at 15-minute intervals to 60 minutes with the subject lying in the supine position. Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity, a measure of arterial stiffness, was measured using the automatic device (Omron VP-2000). A blood sample was taken before and after the exercise protocols for later enzymatic analyses of plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations. In order to provide insight into the physiological mechanisms underlying the hypothesized reductions in blood pressure, an echocardiogram using the ultrasound machine (Philips iE33, Bothel, WA) was performed to assess stroke volume and cardiac output. Stroke volume was calculated from the product of the cross-sectional area of the aortic orifice (π*(aortic diameter/2)²) and the mean velocity time integral. Cardiac output was calculated from the product of stroke volume and heart rate recorded during the echocardiogram. Based on the previous finding that the attenuation of heat loss was associated with the magnitude of postexercise hypotension (Franklin et al., 1993), core body temperature was measured during exercise through the use of the CorTemp disposable temperature sensor and the data recorder (HQ, Palmeto, FL). Body fat percentage was measured non-invasively by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Maximal oxygen consumption was measured using a metabolic cart during a modified-Bruce protocol. Statistical Analyses. ANOVA and MANOVA with repeated measures were used for statistical analyses, and Newman-Keuls post-hoc tests were used to identify significant differences. All data are expressed as mean±SEM. 382 results Baseline blood pressure values were not different between the time control, running and swimming sessions. Brachial blood pressure did not change significantly after all 3 sessions. Both running and swimming produced significant decreases in ankle mean blood pressure compared with the time control (P
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Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimmi
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Bibliographic information: Biomecha
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Figure 1. General biomechanical par
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average VO2 measured during resting
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Fourteen highly trained male swimme
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Figure 2. Repeatability of the LTin
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-ARM * 5 Biomechanicsandmedic
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• Without restriction; • Blinde
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