Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming XI

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Figure 4. Examples from four subjects of each group. Differences between best time and average time trial before and after the practice. dIscussIon Results suggest that the systematic repetition of the start leads to improvement in performance and that providing feedback to the swimmer resulted in greater improvement. This should be taken into account in training by increasing the practice of starting within the year’s planning. Different studies had shown that jumping ability was not related to the total start performance (Fuente, et al., 2003) nor is nine weeks of strength training (Breed, et al., 2003). There seems to be no direct transfer of strength or jumping skills to the swim starts. This finding further supports the need to adapt the motor control mechanisms of the diving techniques by practicing them in parallel with resistance training (Bobbert, et al., 1994). Furthermore it is recomended to increase the total number of start repetitions during the training sessions. Importantly, giving the swimmers accurate knowledge of results produces greater performance improvements than merely systematic repetition. At the end of the movement, swimmer’s propioceptive information is contrasted with the external data input (start time or distance) to improve and to optimize the motor schema. Information obtained as a result of the start times can then be compared to the expected objectives of the swimmer and to refine future skill development (Oña, et al., 1999). The information about the start duration offered by the system, by itself, seems to be useful for the swimmers, so that they can internally compare their execution with the result and for refining the future start skill. In addition, the system seems to be more effective for the individual, making the start performance more consistent. This is important when considering the performance expected at important competitions. Finally, as Mason suggests, the coach should ensure appropriate training with similar conditions to competition (Mason, 1999). conclusIon The systematic and controlled repetition of the start technique produces an improvement in performance. This should be taken into account by increasing the start practicing time within the whole year’s planning. Moreover, the system developed for giving accurate information about the start’s duration during the practice seems to be more effective in reducing the starting times than the standard repetition. Accurate and precise knowledge of results at the end of the execution made the individual performance more consistent, reducing the differences between trials and tending to decrease the starting times. These data suggest that increasing the start practice time within the year’s planning would benefit the swimmer. reFerences Arellano, R. (1990). El entrenamiento técnico. In F. E. d. Natación (Ed.), Natación (1 ed., Vol. 2, pp. 35-62). Madrid, Spain: Comité Olímpico Español. Bobbert, M. F., & Van Soest, A. J. (1994). Effects of muscle strengthening on vertical jump height: a simulation study. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 26, 1012-1020. Breed, R. V. P., & Young, W. B. (2003). The effect of a resistance training chaPter4.trainingandPerformance programme on the grab, track and swing starts in swimming. Journal of Sport Sciences, 21, 213-220. Fuente, B. D. L., García, F., & Arellano, R. (2003). Are the Forces Applied During Vertical Countermovement Jump Related to the Forces Applied During the Swimming Start? In J.-C. Chatard (Ed.), Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming IX (Vol. 1, pp. 207-212). Saint- Etienne (France): Publications de l’Université Sant-Etienne. Haljand, R. (2002). European Swimming Championships Berlin 2002. Retrieved August 2002 Knapp, B. (1963). Skill in sport: The attainment of proficiency. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Mason, B. (1999). Where are races won (and lost)? Paper presented at the SWIMMING: Applied Proceedings of the XVII International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports., Perth: Western Australia. Miller, M. K., Allen, D., & Pein, R. (2002, 21-23 June 2002). A kinetic and kinematic comparison of the grab and track starts in swimming. Paper presented at the IXth World Symposium Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming, Saint -Etienne. Oña, A., Martínez, M., Moreno, F., & Ruiz, L. M. (1999). Control y Aprendizaje Motor. Madrid: Síntesis. Zatsiorsky, V. M., Bulgakova, N. Z., & Chaplinsky, N. M. (1979). Biomechanical Analysis of Starting Techniques in Swimming. Paper presented at the Third International Symposium of Biomechanics in Swimming, Edmonton,Canada. 251
BiomechanicsandmedicineinswimmingXi Predictors of Performance in Pre-Pubertal and Pubertal Male and Female Swimmers douda, h.t. 1 , toubekis, A.G. 2 , Georgiou, ch. 1 , Gourgoulis, V. 1 , and tokmakidis, s.P. 1 1 Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece 2 Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece The predictors of the 50 m front-crawl performance were examined in 72 pre-pubertal and pubertal swimmers. They underwent a battery of anthropometric, body composition and muscle strength measurements. A Principal Component Analysis showed that the Component-1 [Anthropometric-Tethered Swimming Force (TSF)] explained 65.1% of the total variance, Component-2 [Body Composition] 14.6% and Component-3 [Body Dimension] 8.2% respectively. Also, Component 1 was significantly correlated with performance (r=-0.71, p
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etween experimental groups and cont
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Pahlen Norge AS Pahlen Norge AS Cha
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