Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming XI

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intercept would correspond to the distance covered at the expense of the anaerobic energy stores. However, no study has yet directly evaluated the relationship between the y-intercept of the D-T relationship and indices of anaerobic capacity in swimming. In this study it was hypothesized that the y-intercept of the regression line in the critical swimming velocity concept might represent an index of anaerobic capacity. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether this parameter could be utilized as an index for evaluating anaerobic capacity in competitive swimming. Methods Subjects: Twenty one well-trained college swimmers (11 males and 10 females) participated in this study. They were varsity swim team members who trained for an average of 2–3 h per session, eight times per week. They took part in national level competitions. Their respective mean height, body mass, and body fat percentage were 1.70 ± 0.07 m, 64.2 ± 5.6 kg, and 17.8 ± 6.6 %. They were informed of the risks of the study and signed an informed consent form. Experimental design: All tests were performed in front crawl in a 25-m swimming pool. A standardized warm-up, which consisted of approximately 2000m for 30min, was performed prior to each test. Within one week, each subject performed a) a maximum swimming effort (50m, 100m, 200m and 400m), b) a 300-m intermittent progressive swimming test, and c) a 30-s all-out Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) performed with arms and legs. Determination of CV and the y-intercept: Fig.1 gives an example of the relationship between D and T for a given swimmer. The linear relationship was drawn, the slope (CV) and the y-intercept were determined from the regression line between D and T. Determination of V@OBLA: Each subject performed a 300-m intermittent progressive swimming test, which consisted of five repetitions of 300m with a 25-minute rest period. Swimming velocities were 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 % of their maximum effort. [La] was taken from a fin- gertip immediately after completion of each trial. Blood was analyzed Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming XI / Chapter 4 Training Page 123 using a blood lactate analyzer (Lactate Pro; ARKRAY). V@OBLA for each subject was determined from the velocity-[La] curve. Fig.1 An example of the linear regression line between time (T) and distance (D) in the case of one subject. Fig.1 An example of the linear regression line between time (T) and distance (D) in the case of one subject. Determination of the highest [La] The highest [La] was determined from the [La] values recorded following a maximum Determination 100-m and of the 200-m highest swimming [La]: test. The Capillary highest samples [La] were was collected determined at minute from 1, the 3, [La] 5 and values 7 of the recorded recovery period, following and the a maximum highest value 100-m was defined and as 200-m the highest swimming [La]. test. Capillary samples were collected at minute 1, 3, 5 and 7 30-s all-out Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) Subjects of the recovery the WAnT period, performed and with the both highest arms value and legs was using defined a bicycle as the ergometer highest (Power [La]. Max V-II ; COMBI). According to a previous study (Bar-Or, 1987), the resistance load for the arms was set at 6.2 % per kg body weight (male) and 4.8 % 30-s all-out Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT): Subjects the WAnT per- (female), and the load for the legs were 7.5 % and 7.5% for male and female, respectively. formed with The both mean arms power and peak legs power using were a bicycle measured ergometer and associated (Power with Max an index V-II of ; anaerobic COMBI). capacity. According to a previous study (Bar-Or, 1987), the re- Statistical analysis The sistance observed load data for are the presented arms as was mean set ± at standard 6.2 % deviation per kg (SD). body All weight analyses (male) were performed and 4.8 % using (female), the computer and the software load for (Statcel2; the legs OMS). were The 7.5 Pearson's % and correlation 7.5% for coefficient male and was female, used to examine respectively. the relationship The mean between power the and variables. peak The power significance were was accepted to be at p < 0.05 level. RESULTS Mean ± SD for CV and the y-intercept were 1.42 ± 0.09 m·s -1 and 15.54 ± 2.92 m, respectively. CV was significantly correlated with the V@OBLA (r = 0.94, p < 0.05). chaPter4.trainingandPerformance measured and associated with an index of anaerobic capacity. Statistical analysis: The observed data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). All analyses were performed using the computer software (Statcel2; OMS). The Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to examine the relationship between the variables. The significance was accepted to be at p < 0.05 level. results Mean ± SD for CV and the y-intercept were 1.42 ± 0.09 m·s-1 and 15.54 ± 2.92 m, respectively. CV was significantly correlated with the V@OBLA (r = 0.94, p < 0.05). Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming XI / Chapter 4 Training Page 124 Fig.2 indicates the relationship between the y-intercept and the highest [La]. A positive significant relationship (r = 0.63, p < 0.05) was found between the two. positive significant relationship (r = 0.63, p < 0.05) was found between the two. The y-intercept was also significantly related to the mean power of the WAnT performed with the arms (r = 0.51, p < 0.05) as well as with the legs (r = 0.54, p < 0.05), and to the peak power of both tests (arms: r respectively. = 0.50, p < 0.05; legs: r = 0.52, p < 0.05), respectively. Fig.2 indicates the relationship between the y-intercept and the highest [La]. A The y-intercept was also significantly related to the mean power of the WAnT performed with the arms (r = 0.51, p < 0.05) as well as with the legs (r = 0.54, p < 0.05), and to the peak power of both tests (arms: r = 0.50, p < 0.05; legs: r = 0.52, p < 0.05), Fig.2 Relationship between y-intercept of D-T relationship and highest [La] Fig.2 Relationship between y-intercept of D-T relationship and highest [La] DISCUSSION The present study investigated whether the y-intercept of a regression line between D dIscussIon and T could be utilized as an index for evaluating anaerobic capacity in competitive The swimming. present The study y-intercept investigated was significantly whether related the y-intercept to highest [La], of and a regression the mean and line peak between power of the D and WAnT T performed could be with utilized the arms as an or index the legs. for This evaluating is the first anstudy that evaluates directly the relationship between the y-intercept and indices of anaerobic aerobic capacity in competitive swimming. The y-intercept was signifi- capacity. This demonstrates the usefulness of determining the y-intercept to evaluate the cantly anaerobic related capacity to of highest swimmers [La], in the and field. the mean and peak power of the WAnT In the performed present study, with the y-intercept arms or the of the legs. D-T This relationship is the first was study significantly that correlated with the highest [La] and the mean and peak power of the WAnT whether the evaluates directly the relationship between the y-intercept and indices of test was performed with the arms or the legs. It has been suggested that the highest [La] anaerobic and mean and capacity. peak power This of demonstrates the WAnT were the effective usefulness indices of determining of anaerobic capacity, the y-intercept and these indices to evaluate were significantly the anaerobic related capacity to sprint swimming of swimmers performance in the (Lacour field. et al. 1990, Maglischo 2003, Hawley et al. 1992, Bar-Or 1987). In the critical power In the present study, the y-intercept of the D-T relationship was concept, the y-intercept called AWC, was found to be related to highest [La] measured significantly at the end of exhausting correlated running with exercise the highest (Vandewalle [La] and et al. the 1997), mean the total and amount peak of power of the WAnT whether the test was performed with the arms or the legs. It has been suggested that the highest [La] and mean and peak power of the WAnT were effective indices of anaerobic capacity, and these indices were significantly related to sprint swimming performance (Lacour et al. 1990, Maglischo 2003, Hawley et al. 1992, Bar-Or 1987). In the critical power concept, the y-intercept called AWC, was found to be related to highest [La] measured at the end of exhausting running exercise (Vandewalle et al. 1997), the total amount of work of the WAnT (Vandewalle et al. 1989), and the maximal oxygen deficit (Miura et al. 2002). Thus, AWC could provide a measurement of the anaerobic capacity, and be related to the ability to perform high-intensity exercise (Dekerle et al. 2002). In the critical swimming velocity concept, di Prampero et al. (2008) assumed that the y-intercept would correspond to the distance covered at the expense of the anaerobic energy stores by applying a model to calculate the energetic contributions of various swimming performances. Further, Oshita et al. (2009) demonstrated a 289
BiomechanicsandmedicineinswimmingXi highly significant correlation between the y-intercept and the residual error obtained from the relationship between 1500-m performance and CV in Fin-swimming. These findings from previous and present studies suggest that the y-intercept of a regression line between D and T in competitive swimming is a valuable index of anaerobic capacity that can be therefore assessed using a non-invasive method. The findings of this study suggest that applying the CV concept in swimming would enable both aerobic and anaerobic capacities to be evaluated at once without using invasive methods or expensive equipment. Thus, it would provide a simple and effective tool for coaches and swimmers in the field. conclusIon The y-intercept of the D-T relationship in swimming is significantly correlated with various indices of anaerobic capacity, such as the highest [La], the mean and peak power of the WAnT. From these results, it is suggested that the y-intercept of a regression line in the critical velocity concept could represent a good index of anaerobic capacity, determinable without any invasive measurements. reFerences Bar-Or, O. (1987). The Wingate anaerobic test. An update on methodology, reliability and validity. Sports Med 4(6), 381-94. Bosquet, L., Leger, L. & Legros P. (2002). Methods to determine aerobic endurance. Sports Med 32(11), 675-700. Dekerle, J., Sidney, M., Hespel, J.M. & Pelayo P. (2002). Validity and reliability of critical speed, critical stroke rate, and anaerobic capacity in relation to front crawl swimming performances. Int J Sports Med 23(2), 93-8. di Prampero, P.E., Dekerle, J., Capelli, C. & Zamparo P. (2008). The critical velocity in swimming. Eur J Appl Physiol 102(2), 165-71. Hawley, J.A., Williams, M.M., Vickovic, M.M. & Handcock PJ. (1992). Muscle power predicts freestyle swimming performance. Br J Sports Med 26(3), 151-5. Lacour, J.R., Bouvat, E. & Barthelemy, J.C. (1990). Post-competition blood lactate concentrations as indicators of anaerobic energy expenditure during 400-m and 800-m races. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 61(3-4), 172-6. Maglischo, E.W. (2003). Swimming fastest. Champaign: Human Kinetics. Martin, L. & Whyte GP. (2000). Comparison of critical swimming velocity and velocity at lactate threshold in elite triathletes. Int J Sports Med 21(5), 366-8. Miura, A., Endo, M., Sato, H., Sato, H., Barstow, T.J. & Fukuba Y. (2002). Relationship between the curvature constant parameter of the power-duration curve and muscle cross-sectional area of the thigh for cycle ergometry in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 87(3), 238-44. Monod, H. & Scherrer, J. (1965). The work capacity of synergic muscle group. Ergonomics 8, 329-38. Ogita, F., Hara, M. & Tabata I. (1996). Anaerobic capacity and maximal oxygen uptake during arm stroke, leg kicking and whole body swimming. Acta Physiol Scand 157(4), 435-41. Oshita, K., Ross, M., Koizumi, K., Kashimoto, S., Yano, S., Takahashi, K. & Kawakami, M. (2009). The critical velocity and 1500-m surface performances in Finswimming. Int J Sports Med 30(8), 598-601. Vandewalle, H., Kapitaniak, B., Grun, S., Raveneau, S. & Monod H. (1989). Comparison between a 30-s all-out test and a time-work test on a cycle ergometer. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 58(4), 375-81. Vandewalle, H., Vautier, J.F., Kachouri, M., Lechevalier, J.M. & Monod, H. (1997). Work-exhaustion time relationships and the critical power concept. A critical review. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 37(2), 89-102. Wakayoshi, K., Ikuta, K., Yoshida, T., Udo, M., Moritani, T., Mutoh, Y. & Miyashita, M. (1992). Determination and validity of critical 290 velocity as an index of swimming performance in the competitive swimmer. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 64(2), 153-7. Wakayoshi, K., Yoshida, T., Udo, M., Harada, T., Moritani, T., Mutoh, Y. & Miyashita M. (1993). Does critical swimming velocity represent exercise intensity at maximal lactate steady state? Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 66(1), 90-5.
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average VO2 measured during resting
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Pahlen Norge AS Pahlen Norge AS Cha
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