Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming XI

BiomechanicsandmedicineinswimmingXi
recruitment of fast-twitch fibers in trained runners? J Appl Physiol,
90(6),2212-20.
Carter H., Jones A.M., Barstow T.J., Burnley M., Williams C.A., Doust
J.H. (2000). Oxygen uptake kinetics in treadmill running and cycle
ergometry: a comparison. J Appl Physiol, 89, 899-907.
Carter H., Pringle J.S., Jones A.M., Doust J.A. (2002). Oxygen uptake
kinetics during treadmill running across exercise intensity domains.
Eur J Appl Physiol, 86, 347-354.
Davison, R.C., Someren, K.A., Jones A.M. (2009). Physiological
monitoring of the Olympic athlete. J Sports Sci, DOI:
10.1080/02640410903045337.
Demarie, S., Sardella, F., Billat, V., Magini, W., Faina, M. (2001) The
VO 2 slow component in swimming. Eur J Appl Physiol, 84, 95-99.
Fernandes R.J., Keskinen K.L., Colaço P., Querido A.J., Machado L.J.,
Morais P.A., Novais D.Q., Marinho D.A., Vilas Boas J.P. (2008).
Time Limit at VO 2 max Velocity in Elite Crawl Swimmers. Int J
Sports Med , 29, 145–50.
Ingham S.A., Carter H., Whyte G., Doust J.H. (2007). Comparison of
the oxygen uptake kinetics of Club and Olympic champion rowers.
Med Sci Sports Exerc, 39(5), 865-71.
Jones A.M., Koppo K. (2005). Effect of training on O 2 kinetics and performance.
In: Jones AM & Poole DC, editors. Oxygen Uptake Kinetics
in Sport, Exercise and Medicine. Oxon: Routledge, p. 373-398.
Koga S., Tomoyuki S., Kondo N., Barstow T. (1997). Effect of increased
muscle temperature on oxygen uptake kinetics during exercise. J Appl
Physiol,83(4), 1333-8.
Poole D.C., Ward S.A., Gardner G.W., Whipp B.J. (1988). Metabolic
and respiratory profile of the upper limit for prolonged exercise in
man. Ergonomics, 31, 1265–1279.
Reis J.F., Millet G.P., Malatesta D., Roels B., Borrani F., Vleck V.E.,
Alves F.B. (2010). Are oxygen uptake kinetics modified when using a
respiratory snorkel? Int J Sports Physiol Perform, in press.
Rodriguez F., Keskinen K., Malvela M., Keskinen O. (2003).
Oxygen uptake kinetics in free swimming- a pilot study. In
Chatard JC (eds). Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming IX,
Saint Etienne, Publications de l’Université de Saint-Etienne, 379-
384.
Winlove M.A., Jones A.M., Welsman J.R. (2010) Influence of training
status and exercise modality on pulmonary O 2 uptake kinetics in
pre-pubertal girls. Eur J Appl Physiol , DOI: 10.1007/s00421-009-
1320-2.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The first author gratefully acknowledges the ‘Fundação para a Ciência
e Tecnologia, Portugal’ (‘The Foundation for Science and Technology’)
for their doctoral fellowship award (reference number SFRH/
BD/23351/2005).
222
Maximum Blood Lactate Concentration after two
Different Specific Tests in Freestyle Swimming
rozi, G. 1 , Thanopoulos, V. 1 , dopsaj, M. 2
1Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science, University of Athens,
Greece
2Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, Serbia
The purpose of the present study was to compare the blood lactate concentrations
after two tests of maximal intensity: a) 2x100 freestyle swimming
and b) 4x50m freestyle. Eight competitive swimmers participated
in this study. Capillary blood samples were obtained the 3rd, 5th and 7th
min after the end of each test. Analysis of the results showed that there
is a statistically significant correlation between the lactate concentration
in the test of 2x100 and 4x50m freestyle swimming only for females
(r=0.871). Moreover, no statistical significance was observed between
the test of 4x50 or 2x100 concerning lactic acid accumulation between
male and female. The results obtained showed that the tested female
swimmers swam at 4x50m more efficiently than their male counterparts.
Key words: Freestyle swimming, maximum lactate concentration,
gender
IntroductIon
Lactic acid constitutes a useful tool for the determination of anaerobic
capacity for researchers and trainers. The highest lactate levels have
been recorded following the swimming distances of 100 and 200 meters
(Avlonitou 1996). The energy cost of swimming has been found
to dependent on the drag of the athlete, efficiency of stroke mechanics
and velocity of movement through the water. Competitive swimming
requires intense activity from a large muscle mass. This requirement favours
involvement of anaerobic energy release with the subsequent accumulation
of lactate in the blood.
The measurement of blood lactate concentration has become a
common practice of swimming coaches for performance diagnosis
and training control in competitive swimming over the last few years
(Pelayo et al. 1996; Avlonitou, E. 1996). For researchers and coaches,
lactic acid constitutes a useful implement for the determination of anaerobic
capacity. Lactic acid is a useful marker of anaerobic capacity for
researchers and trainers. Considerable emphasis has been given to the
measurement of blood lactate during sub-maximal and maximal swimming
efforts. Muscle lactic levels are between 1 – 2 mmol/l in the blood
during rest and can increase to between 10 -20 mmol/l during all out
effort (Maglischo 2003). The distances that are used to measure maximum
lactic acid accumulation are 100m or 200m (Avlonitou, E. 1996).
As a result, for the maximum production of lactic acid, efforts of 1 to 2
minutes of full intensity are required. Rate of lactic acid production in
muscle fibers depends on swimming speed, rate of oxygen consumption
and type of muscle fiber (Maglischo 2003). There is much interest
concerning difference in blood lactate accumulation level in male and
female swimmers.
Indeed, several studies have used the relationship between blood lactate
concentration and swimming velocity to determine the appropriate
exercise intensities during competition (Sawka et al. 1979; Chatard
et al. 1988) or training and to gauge swimmers adaptation to training
programs (Mader et al. 1978; Keskinen et al. 1989; Ryan et al. 1990;
Costill 1992).
In their attempt to improve competition performance, swimmers
perform large volumes and/or high intensities of training with, sometimes,
insufficient time to recover between workouts (Pelayo et al. 1996).
There is little information for the comparison of different maximum
efforts in order to determine the most adequate training method for
maximal accumulation and tolerance of lactic acid.