Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming XI

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BMS XI Chapter 6. Medicine, Rehabilitation and Prevention BMS XI Chapter 6. Medicine, Rehabilitation and Prevention Table 3. Changes of physical characteristics pre- to post-physical activity intervention. time mean (SD ) mean (SD) mean (SD) mean (SD ) p p Body weight (kg) 67.3 (2.6) 64.4 (2.0) 61.5 (2.7) 59.4 (3.5) 0.03 * 0.56 Body mass index (kg/m 2 WPI group(n=4) LPI group(n=4) pre post pre post interaction ) 26.3 (2.0) 25.1 (2.1) 25.7 (1.6) 24.6 (1.8) 0.00 * 0.77 %Fat (%) Total 34.3 (10.3) 31.1 (10.6) 36.9 (2.5) 34.7 (2.5) 0.00 * 0.25 %Fat (%) upper limbs 31.1 (11.5) 28.2 (11.3) 34.2 (2.8) 32.3 (2.9) 0.00 * 0.35 %Fat (%) lower limbs 34.7 (9.1) 33.1 (9.5) 37.4 (1.4) 35.9 (1.7) 0.00 * 0.03 %Fat (%) trunk 34.7 (10.8) 30.4 (7.2) 37.1 (3.2) 34.4 (3.1) 0.00 * 0.17 LBM (kg) Total 44.4 (8.5) 44.4 (7.5) 38.8 (3.0) 38.8 (2.5) 0.95 0.91 LBM (kg) upper limbs 2.3 (0.6) 2.4 (0.5) 1.9 (0.1) 1.9 (0.1) 0.36 0.15 LBM (kg) lower limbs 7.6 (1.7) 7.6 (1.4) 6.8 (0.3) 6.9 (0.3) 0.86 0.86 LBM (kg) trunk 24.7 (4.0) 24.6 (3.7) 21.5 (2.5) 21.4 (2.3) 0.48 0.86 Walking steps (step/day) 13145 (3179) 13163 (1593) 9752 (3858) 13610 (2148) 0.03 * 0.03 * VO2max (ml/kg/min) 22.0 (3.9) 21.9 (2.5) 18.3 (4.4) 22.1 (5.9) 0.10 0.09 * P
BiomechanicsandmedicineinswimmingXi Estimation Method for Energy Expenditure by Acceleration of Human Head during Water Walking Kaneda, K. 1 , ohgi, Y. 2 , tanaka, c. 3 1 Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Japan 2 Keio University, Japan 3 J. F. Oberlin University, Japan This study aimed at estimating energy expenditure (EE) by accelerations of human head during water walking (WW). Fifty Japanese males (n = 29, age: 27 to 73) and females (n = 21, age: 33 to 70) participated in this study. They conducted WW at three walking speeds of 25 m/min, 30 m/ min and 35 m/min. During the WW, an accelerometer was attached to the occipital region of the subjects and recorded three-dimensional accelerations at 100 Hz. We developed estimation equation for EE (kcal/ min/kg) including three components of the resting metabolic rate, internal energy expenditure for moving his/her body and energy expenditure against for water drag force. The correlation coefficients were high in both males (r = 0.79) and females (r = 0.77). theoretical estimation equations for EE during WW was developed. Key words: energy expenditure, estimation, Accelerometer, Water Walking IntroductIon There are many studies and devices estimating energy expenditure (EE) during land walking, jogging or daily life activities (Kumahara et al., 2004; Scott et al., 2006; Tanaka et al., 2007). Due to its availability, those studies mostly used accelerometers attached to human body (e.g. waist, wrist and ankle). They reported good estimation explained by high correlation coefficient (Scott et al., 2006). However, those studies and devices cannot apply to water exercise because water has specific characteristics compared to air, most prominently water resistance and buoyancy. During exercising in water, the gravitational stress at the lower extremity joint is reduced and greater exert force required for moving (Miyoshi et al., 2005). The metabolic responses during water exercise were different from exercise on land (Masumoto et al., 2008). Until now, we investigated metabolic responses during water walking (WW) for a wide range of Japanese males and females, and cleared that the metabolic responses during the WW were influenced by mostly the walking speed other than the human body size and sex (Kaneda et al., 2009a). Therefore, it is important to develop specific estimation equation for EE during WW for health promotion water exercise. The hypothesis was that the energy expenditure during walking in water was estimated by three components of the resting metabolic rate, internal energy expenditure for moving his/her body and energy expenditure against for water drag force. We tried to develop estimation equations for EE by accelerations of human ¾ head during WW, and this study introduces these methodologies. The future goal is to develop an underwater activity monitor by using an accelerometer. Methods Fifty Japanese males (n = 29, age: 27 to 73) and females (n = 21, age: 33 to 70) participated in this study. The mean characteristics of the subjects are shown in Table 1. They provided a written informed consent to participate in this study, and their health status was examined from screening of medical history and measured blood pressure before each subject’s experiment. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shonan-Fujisawa Campus at Keio University. The subjects conducted WW at three walking speeds of 25 m/min, 30 m/min and 35 m/min (some subjects executed from 20 m/min ¾ and ¾ 366 40 m/min depending on their physical condition), and exercised over 5 minutes at each walking speed. In order to maintain the walking speed steady, a pace-maker walked with the subject on the pool-side. The each waking trial was separated by more than 5 minutes rest period to recover the subject’s condition. The experiment was carried out at the indoor swimming pool (17.2 m length, 5 m width and 1.1 m depth) (Figure 1). During the each exercise bout, an accelerometer was attached onto the occipital region of the subject and recorded three-dimensional accelerations at 100Hz. The metabolic responses (VO 2 , l/min/kg and VCO 2, l/min/kg) were measured by the Douglas bag method using a portable gas analyzer (AR-1 O2-ro, Arcosystem Inc., Japan) and a dry gas meter (DCDA-2C-M, Shinagawa Corp., Japan). Furthermore interval times between mid 15 m by stopwatch were also measured at the each bout. All analyzed data were selected from last 2 round trips of the each walking trial. The energy expenditure (EE, kcal/min/kg) was calculated by following equation (Weir, 1949) for developing estimation equation from acceleration data: EE (kcal/min/kg) = 3.9 × VO 2 (l/min/kg) + 1.1 ×VCO 2 (l/min/kg) (1) Table 1. Characteristics of the subjects, mean±SD. Age (yr) Height (cm) Weight (kg) BMI Male (n = 29) 55.0 ± 14.9 170.9 ± 6.1 69.2 ± 9.0 23.7 ± 3.0 Female (n = 21) 57.4 ± 10.7 156.8 ± 4.6 54.2 ± 5.6 22.1 ± 2.6 Fig. 1. Pool condition in this study. results A total of 160 samples (males: 97 samples, females: 63 samples) were obtained and used for analysis. We considered three components in the estimation equation for the EE (kcal/min/kg): resting metabolic rate (RMR, kcal/min/kg), internal energy expenditure for moving his/her body (joint energy expenditure: EE j ) and energy expenditure for water drag force (EE wd ): EE(kcal /min/kg) = α 0 + α 1 RMR + α 2 EE j + α 3 EE wd (2) The RMR was calculated by sex, age and weight based on the basal metabolic rate (BMR) equations in the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese (Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan, 2010) and multiplied 1.2 for the RMR by Numagiri et al. (1970): RMR( kcal / min/ kg ) = BMR( kcal / min/ kg ) × 1. 2 The EEj was assumed to the square root of the sum of squared of both the sagittal ( Ay') and vertical ( A z ′ ) accelerations. For eliminating gravity effect, the acceleration data was corrected by head inclination angle (Figure 2): A ¾ z ′ = Az − gcosϑ ¾ (4) Ay'= Ay − gsinϑ (5) (3)
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average VO2 measured during resting
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Figure 2. Repeatability of the LTin
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