Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming XI
Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming XI
Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming XI
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<strong>Biomechanics</strong><strong>and</strong>medic<strong>in</strong>e<strong>in</strong>swimm<strong>in</strong>gXi<br />
ered the most responsive of the <strong>in</strong>ate immune system, be<strong>in</strong>g cytotoxic<br />
<strong>and</strong> produc<strong>in</strong>g cytok<strong>in</strong>es aga<strong>in</strong>st target cells. Our data shows that the<br />
count <strong>and</strong> the percentage of NK cells tend to exhibit a decrease <strong>in</strong> the<br />
total NK population In addition the significant alterations observed <strong>in</strong><br />
NK cell subsets, with the NKCD56dim subpopulation show<strong>in</strong>g reduced<br />
cell numbers, could represent an impairment of cytotoxic activity with<br />
consequences <strong>in</strong> immune function. The elevation of the NKCD56bright<br />
/NKCD56dim ratio has been associated with a fall <strong>in</strong> cytotoxicity activity<br />
(Susui et al. 2004).<br />
In this study no significant alterations <strong>in</strong> B lymphocyte (CD19+)<br />
cell counts <strong>and</strong> percentage were observed which is <strong>in</strong> accordance to previous<br />
published papers (Gleesson et al. 1995).<br />
conclusIon<br />
The presented data confirm that alterations <strong>in</strong> the immune system may<br />
occur dur<strong>in</strong>g tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g periods. The real mean<strong>in</strong>g of this response behaviour,<br />
immune depression or adaptation process is still <strong>in</strong>conclusive.<br />
The ma<strong>in</strong> f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs of this study po<strong>in</strong>t to an impact on immune<br />
function of progressive <strong>and</strong> light tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g loads at the <strong>in</strong>itial phase of<br />
preparation, after long periods of rest, which should be taken <strong>in</strong>to account<br />
by the coaches when adopt<strong>in</strong>g recovery strategies aimed at reduc<strong>in</strong>g<br />
the negative impact of tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g. The results also stress the importance<br />
of the use of daily logs or other strategies to monitor how<br />
athletes are adapt<strong>in</strong>g to workload, which could be useful <strong>in</strong> detect<strong>in</strong>g<br />
early signs of difficulties <strong>in</strong> this process. For example, preventive measures<br />
like nutritional supplementation or tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g load adjustment could<br />
be implemented. Also important is the medical care support at times of<br />
<strong>in</strong>tensified tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g load, allow<strong>in</strong>g for a rapid diagnosis <strong>and</strong> treatment of<br />
the episodes of illness recorded.<br />
In his study we did not look at the immune cells function, so there<br />
is always the possibility that the alterations observed could be related<br />
to blood redistribution factors. However the prevalence of URTIS observed<br />
seems to reflect a real negative impact on immune function <strong>and</strong><br />
to the importance of monitor<strong>in</strong>g the effects of tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g load <strong>in</strong> athletes.<br />
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AcKnoWledGeMents<br />
This project was f<strong>in</strong>anced by the Portuguese foundation for Science <strong>and</strong><br />
Technology (FCT PTDC/ DES/ 68647/ 2006)