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chaPter3.PhysioLogyandBioenergetics
Blood Lactate Concentration and Clearance in Elite
Swimmers During Competition
Vescovi, J.d. 1,3 , Falenchuk, o. 4 , Wells G.d. 1,2
1Canadian Sport Centre Ontario, Toronto, Canada
2Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
3School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Canada
4Ontario Institute of Secondary Educ., University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
Blood lactate [BLa] concentrations after swimming events may be influenced
by demographic features and characteristics of the swim race,
whereas active recovery (AR) enhances [BLa] removal. Our aims were to
examine how sex, age, race distance, and swim stroke influenced [BLa]
after competitive swimming events and to develop a model based on AR
swim distance to help optimize [BLa] removal. Post-race [BLa] from
100 swimmers competing in the finals at the Canadian Swim Championships
were retrospectively anaysed. [BLa] was also assessed repeatedly
during AR. Post-race [BLa] was highest after 100 and 200 m events
and lowest after 50 and 1500 m races. There was a negligible effect of
age on post-race [BLa]. The following model can be used to estimate
the change in [BLa] during AR: Δ[BLa] after AR = –3.374 + 1.162
(male=0;female=1) + 0.789 *post-race [BLa]+ 0.003 * AR distance.
Key Words: blood lactate, active recovery, sex differences, swimming
IntroductIon
Short duration bouts of high intensity exercise rely largely on nonoxidative
energy metabolism, resulting in the accumulation of muscle
and blood lactate. Peak blood lactate concentrations ([BLa]) following
maximal exercise has a direct relationship with performance in swim
events ranging between 100 and 800 m (Benelli et al., 2007; Bonifazi et
al., 1993). Evaluation of [BLa] following competitive races also provides
evidence of the physiological stress for an individual swimmer in a given
event. Thus, the utility of assessing [BLa] for swimmers is important for
a variety of training and competitive purposes.
Swimming provides an ideal model for characterizing [BLa] response
with events ranging from ~20 s (50 m freestyle) to 15 min (1500
m freestyle). Swimmers commonly compete in multiple events throughout
a single day, which requires them to recover from and prepare for
several races. Strategies that increase the return rate of post-race [BLa]
to resting values are often used by coaches in an effort to optimize subsequent
performance. In an effort to expedite blood lactate removal
while maximizing energy conservation between swimming events it
would be of practical use to know if there is an optimal distance or time
to recommend for active recovery (Toubekis et al., 2008).
Research on the effect of sex, age and race characteristics on postrace
[BLa] during competitive swim events remains equivocal. Additionally,
sport scientists, coaches and swimmers continually search for
practical strategies to maximize recovery after an event in preparation
for subsequent heat or final races. The aims of this study were to examine
how sex, age, race distance, and swim stroke influenced [BLa] after
competitive swimming events and to develop a practical model based on
recovery swim distance to help optimize blood lactate removal.
Methods
Post-race [BLa] after the final races in male and female swimmers competing
in the 2009 Canadian National Swimming Championships were
assessed. The effect of active recovery distance on [BLa] disappearance
and a model that could be used by coaches as a practical tool during
competitions was also examined. Data from one hundred swimmers
(n=50 male and n=50 females) were included in this analysis. Multiple
races from the same person were included and thus data from 156 races
233