Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming XI

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Besides, the methodology of establishing the relationship and/or its quality between swimming velocity at a given distance and the characteristics of pulling force realized by tethered swimming requires that the test lasts at least approximately as long as the distance covered. In that way it is possible to adjust the observed occurrences, i.e., the characteristics of pulling force and the velocity of swimming (as criterion and predictor variables), also taking into consideration the load exerted on the same energy system (Ring et al., 1996). According to previous research, the question that occurs is with which of the two events, 100m freestyle or tethered swimming of equal duration to 100m, maximum accumulation of lactic acid in blood can be achieved. Also, if there is a relationship between maximal performance in 100m freestyle swimming (the level of competitor fitness) and strength. The purpose of this study was to examine lactic acid accumulation in blood after two efforts of maximum intensity and equal duration: a) 100m freestyle swimming and b) tethered swimming, as well as to find differences between these two measurements concerning lactate production and heart rate. Moreover, this study attempts to investigate the relationship between performance in 100m freestyle and the forces produced in tethered swimming. It was hypothesized that there are no significant differences in blood lactate accumulation after the two events. Methods In this study 12 active swimmers of national level participated (age = 21.50±0.68 years, Body stature =182.83±7.24 cm and Body mass=80.75±8.00) in freestyle swimming (Table 1). At the beginning, they swam 100 meters freestyle with maximum intensity and time performance and blood lactate accumulation were measured. Samples of blood were taken at 3 rd , 5 th and 7th minute of recovery time and analysed immediately using the reflectance photometry - enzymatic reaction method (Accusport, Boehringer, Germany) in order to determine maximum accumulation of lactic acid in 100m freestyle swimming. Two days later the same athletes were tested in tethered swimming, over an equal time to that achieved in the 100 meters swim. Blood samples were also taken in 3 rd , 5 th and 7 th minute of recovery time in order to determine maximum lactate accumulation and strength characteristics were measured (Keskinen et al., 1989; Sidney et al., 1996), according to the standardized procedure (Dopsaj, 2000). Table 1. Swimmers characteristics Age (years) Body Stature (cm) Body Mass (kg) Male (N=12) 21.50±0.68 182.83±7.24 80.75±8.00 Before the test, the swimmers warmed up swimming independently up to 1000 m. After a 10-minute rest the measuring started. On his turn, each swimmer put on a belted harness adjusting it to his body dimensions (Figure 1). Then he hooked a 1cm-thick PVC rope to the belt at the back hip region. The other end of the 5m rope was attached to a water-resistant high-resolution (100 kHz) tensiometric dynamometer placed on a metal support fixed on the side of the pool (Figure 2). The dynamometer was connected to a PC. Having entered the pool, the swimmer did a 10-second trial of tethered swimming at medium intensity in order to get familiar with the equipment and the testing procedure. After a 1minute rest the measuring commenced. chaPter3.PhysioLogyandBioenergetics Fig. 1. Swimmer with the belted harness adjusting it to his body dimensions The swimmers started tethered swimming (full technique – arms and legs stroke) at medium intensity and after two to three strokes, at the whistle of the timekeeper, they swam at maximal intensity for the same time as that achieved in 100m freestyle swimming. At the whistle, the assistant timekeeper, who operated the PC, started the program for measuring and acquisition of data. The raw data were processed by software specially designed by ProIng to analyze the parameters relevant to pulling force. Fig. 2. The support with the dynamometer used to measure tethered pulling force After the time of 100m freestyle there was a second whistle as the signal to stop swimming. This procedure yielded the entire recording of the pulling force during the achieved time of 100m freestyle. Swimmers were told to follow the breathing pattern they would normally apply during a race. The test was done in the indoor swimming pool of the Physical Education Faculty of Athens Kapodistrian University a week before the summer national senior championships. All results are expressed as means and standard deviations. For the comparison of mean values of blood lactate production and of heart rate in the two tests, t - test with depended samples was applied. In addition, Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to calculate the relationships between time of performance in 100m freestyle and strength produced in tethered swimming, as well as their relationship with lactic acid accumulation in both events. Statistical significance was set at p
BiomechanicsandmedicineinswimmingXi results The performance time for 100m freestyle was 58.74±2.33, and was the time that they also swam in tethered swimming. The comparison in maximum accumulation of lactic acid and heart rate after the two tests are presented in table 2. Pared correlations showed that there were no statistical significant differences. Table 2. Performance time, maximum blood lactate accumulation (mmol/l) and heart rate of swimmers after the tests. Tests 100m freestyle (m/s) Tethered swimming 232 Perf. time (sec) 58.74±2.33 58.74±2.33 Mean force (N) - 131.51±27.8 Lactate (mmol/l) 11.09±4.2 10.27±3.3 Heart rate (beat/min) P
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Pahlen Norge AS Pahlen Norge AS Cha
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Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming XI

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