Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming XI

are given. The featured particularity of girls in comparison with boys is a higher
parameter of sport achievement level. At the same time they do not differ on age,
parameters of biological maturity and swimming career duration. As well, girls come
short on morpho-functional parameters and especially on integrated characteristics of
capacity and efficiency of the aerobic mechanism of power supply, compared with
boys. However the ECG analysis of girls before the test was identical to the boys, but
girls had higher parameters of cardiovascular system adaptation after testing to the point
of exhaustion (in a flume). We want to emphasize that at a later stage, none of the
female swimmers from this class reached the level of elite competition.
Table 5. Mean values of parameters in classes of the strongest swimmers
at the age of 14 years (M and SD)
Table 5. Mean values of parameters in classes of the strongest swimmers at the age of
14 years (M and SD)
Parameters
Classes
Girls, n = 21 Boys, n = 22
Qualification, nominal units 4.21 ± 0.55 3.38 ± 0.99
CA, months 167.05 ± 3.11 168.71 ± 3.09
ВA, points 4.99 * ± 0.79 4.94 ± 1.01
CA– ВA, years -0.37 ± 0.53 0.82 ± 0.99
Training experience, years 6.07 ± 0.73 6.00 ± 1.15
Height, сm 166.94 ± 5.72 174.97 ± 7.53
Weight, kg 55.56 ± 5.20 61.68 ± 7.42
Chest circumference, сm 83.67 ± 3.21 90.10 ± 3.67
Biceps circumference, сm 24.86 ± 1.73 26.69 ± 1.78
Hand strength, kg 28.95 ± 4.34 42.48 ± 6.38
Lung Capacity, l 3.58 ± 0.42 5.07 ± 0.74
Bone mass, kg 9.88 ± 0.91 12.84 ± 1.50
Muscle mass, kg 24.37 ± 2.68 30.25 ± 4.21
Fat mass, kg 10.16 ± 2.18 8.37 ± 1.84
Brachium-pelvic index 1.39 ± 0.10 1.45 ± 0.08
VO2 max, l / m 2.98 ± 0.59 4.61 ± 0.46
LV, l 92.84 ± 22.72 117.44 ± 18.16
O2P, ml /beats/min 16.23 ± 3.76 25.40 ± 3.15
ECG before load, n.u. 4.67 ± 0.56 4.65 ± 0.53
Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming XI
84
Chapter * 5 Biological Education, age Advice in girls and Biofeedback = 5 points corresponding to the first menses age.
ECG after In load, table n.u. 6 the different ways 4.89 of categorizing ± 0.29 the 4.43 athletes ± 0.83 are presented.
* Biological Among age in representatives girls = 5 points corresponding of these classes to the there first menses are swimmers age. who per-
In table formed 6 the different at a later ways date of as national categorizing swimming the athletes team are members presented. at Among the in-
representatives ternational of these level. classes Parameter there are comparison swimmers who testifies performed that at the a later Class date of as 11
national girls-swimmers swimming team generally members at do the not international differ from level. the Parameter above class comparison analysis
testifies that the Сlass of 11 girls-swimmers generally do not differ from the above class
analysis concerning concerning chronologic chronologic and and biological biological age. Nevertheless, age. Nevertheless, they have they greater have
body height greater and body also height more athletic and also constitution more athletic characteristics. constitution However, characteristics. the most
important However, difference the for most them (from important a class difference of girls in table for them 5) is that (from they a already class of at girls the
age of 14 years had more appreciably dimension of physiological characteristics (VO2
in table 5) is that they already at the age of 14 years had more appre-
max; O2P; LV, etc.). Boys of a class n=16 also have greater height and are biologically
more mature. ciably At dimension the same time of physiological on body proportions characteristics they have a (VO less 2 strong-build max; O2P; and LV,
less relative etc.). subcutaneous Boys of a class fat. n=16 also have greater height and are biologically
more mature. At the same time on body proportions they have a less
Table 6. Mean values of analysed parameters in classes of 14 years swimmers of
varying strong-build characteristics and (M and less SD) relative subcutaneous fat.
Parameters Classes
Girls, n = 11 Boys, n = 16
Qualification, nominal units 4.18 ± 0.39 3.68 ± 0.41
CA, months 167.91 ± 2.58 168.01 ± 1.98
BA, points 4.89 ± 0.93 5.44 ± 1.31
CA – BA, years - 0.42 ± 0.61 1.02 ± 0.79
Training Experience, years 5.64 ± 0.98 5.77 ± 1.15
Height, cm 170.50 ± 3.30 180.94 ± 4.39
Weight, kg 56.03 ± 4.64 66.89 ± 4.99
Chest circumference, сm 85.91 ± 4.30 92.50 ± 2.44
Biceps circumference, сm 25.06 ± 1.53 27.46 ± 1.84
Hand strength, kg 28.95 ± 6.41 43.31 ± 7.18
Lung Capacity, l 3.77 ± 0.46 5.69 ± 0.24
Bone mass, kg 9.88 ± 0.91 13.81 ± 0.95
Muscle mass, kg 25.83 ± 3.32 33.29 ± 3.23
Fat mass, kg 10.61 ± 2.52 8.57 ± 1.80
Brachium-pelvic index, n.u. 1.38 ± 0.08 1.41 ± 0.08
VO2 max, l / m 3.79 ± 0.32 ⎯
LV, l 102.43 ± 27.35 ⎯
O2P, ml /beats/min 20.85 ± 2.76 ⎯
DISCUSSION Table 6. Mean values of analysed parameters in classes of 14 years swim-
The analysis carried out reveals a complex process of the best performers changing in
their development mers of varying while characteristics in junior swimming. (M and The SD) findings show that swimmers of
different characteristics at the age of 13-14 years can achieve success in this sport.
Among girls, swimmers gain advantage over others, through optimum body
parameters and excellent adaptation possibilities of their cardiovascular system. It
dIscussIon
allows them to start intensive training early which does not lead to the necessary
development The analysis of the carried aerobic out power reveals supply a complex mechanisms. process In of a the quantitative best performers sense
changing in their development while in junior swimming. The findings
show that swimmers of different characteristics at the age of 13-14 years
can achieve success in this sport.
Among girls, swimmers gain advantage over others, through optimum
body parameters and excellent adaptation possibilities of their car-
chaPter5.education,adviceandBiofeedBack
diovascular system. It allows them to start intensive training early which
does not lead to the necessary development of the aerobic power supply
mechanisms. In a quantitative sense independently of the different
age-groups and generations the girls with retardation of biological maturity
prevailed. Due to peculiarities of their body type and biological
development they are inclined to swim in training regimes at a more
moderate speed. That helps to boost aerobic capability.(tab.5). There is a
further explanation of the preference of selecting swimmers with a body
weight deficit and a retardation of puberty signs in girls. Only at the age
of 16-17 years the tendency to prevalence of a somatotype according to
requirements of modern sports is observed. However the representation
of swimmers in these age categories is already at a minimum.
The 12 years of investigation of the same high level swimmers have
revealed a decrease in a selection tendency of swimmers with inadequate
typology of age-related development for sports aiming at high level
achievement. The change in selection trends occurred against an age
increase of swimmers of the reserves of the country national team. Accordingly,
we have observed a growth of the number of swimmers with
optimum body parameters concerning requirements for this particular
sport.
Table 6 shows that girls who moved forward at a later age in their
sport results did not differ from the strongest swimmers at the age of 14
years. But features of their physical development (tallness, body weight
deficit) did not allow coping with high intensity training loads. Training
in more optimal regimes was reflected in an advantage in aerobic
development possibilities. Thus, research has confirmed the necessity of
accounting for age development features and the orientation of training
for peak achievements at a later age.
conclusIons
The competitive activity success at a juvenile age is defined often
by a choice of the sports preparation strategy and the influence
of swimmer phenotype, including features of biological development.
At the age of decisive hormonal shifts (13-14 years) athletes
with a certain typology have the advantage. They coincide
with the age norm regarding the pace of puberty and possess
high adaptive capacities of the cardiovascular system. However,
their ability to endure a high intensity training load is negatively reflected
in their aerobic development possibilities. Such a situation
further affects the dynamics of sport achievement growth. Features of
athlete physical development, particularly growth in body height connected
with asthenisation does not at this age allow training at high
intensity. Accordingly, these swimmers reach their best results at
a later age. Their advantage in the development of aerobic power
supply mechanisms also promotes this. Therefore, this provides
them with the best adaptation to training at higher intensity at a
more mature age. These revealed tendencies are more precisely shown
in the comparative analysis of the high level young swimmers’ data of
different generations.
reFerences
Brettschneider, W.D. (2001) Involvement of organized sports and adolescent
development. In: Book of Abstracts, 6-th Annual Congress of the
European College of Sport Science: ”Perspectives and Profiles”. Cologne,
July 24-28, 2001. p. 16
Bulgakova, N.Z. & I.V. Tchebotareva (1999). Analysis of the concepts
and the effectiveness of preparing the sports reserve in swimming for
the period of seventies – nineties. In: “Wychowanie Fizyczne i Sport”.
Proceeding of the 3 rd International Scientific Congress on Modern Olympic
Sport, vol. XLIII, Warszawa, p. 77-78.
Klyuchnikova, M.V. (2000). Ispolzovanie kriteriev biologicheskogo razvitiya
v upravlenii podgotovkoi yunykh sportsmenov (na primere sportivnogo
plavaniya) [The use of biological development criteria in management of
young sportsmen preparation (at example of competitive swimming)].
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