Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming XI

BiomechanicsandmedicineinswimmingXi
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302
Monitoring Swim Training Based on Mean Intensity
Strain and Individual Stress Reaction of an Elite
Swimmer
ungerechts, B.e. 1 , steffen, r. 2 , and Vogel, K. 3
1 University of Bielefeld, Germany,
2 Coaches Academy Cologne, Germany,
3 German Sport University Cologne, Germany
Swim coaches prescribe training to enhance the properties required for
a person to swim the same distance in less time. Monitoring training
strain may give a clue to the relationship between training and race performance.
Mujika (1996) monitored a training season reducing training
components to one MITS-value (mean intensity of a training season).
Since training strain is modulated by personal traits into an internal
fatiguing impulse, cooperation by the athlete is essential to monitor
the perceived stress at the end of a day and the next morning, respectively.
The difference of both items, called delayed perceived fatigue, and
MITS-value of a world level female swimmer was registered for 144
days: MITS = 2.01 ± 0.12 and the delayed perceived fatigue = -1.31 ±
1.81 arbitrary units, respectively. The increase of the race performance
was 2.8%.
Key words: training intensity, perceived stress, training monitoring,
elite swimmer
IntroductIon
Swim coaches prescribe training to enhance the properties required of
a person to swim the same distance in less time. Occasionally coaches
are interested in different concepts after e.g. realising that training principles
do not really tell how training loads are related to reactions of the
biological systems or when working with elite swimmers, which was the
case here. Coach, swimmer and consultant realized that in the past the
daily training routine served to cause adaptations but a causal predication
about the impact of training volume and intensity and the race performance
or e.g. blood parameters could not be indentified (Nissen et.
al., 2007). They started mutual reasoning concerning training contents
and efficient monitoring and were interested in what scientists who had
long worked in swimming research, recommended in the literature.
Starting with physiologists, Costill (1999) pointed out that Olympic
swimmers do not distinguish themselves physiologically, it is biomechanics
which counts and Holmer (1983) summed up that training
develops power, but the swimming speed is determined by technique. In
human swimming energy-rate research is not well established like e.g.
in studies of swimming animals (Schultz & Webb, 2002). Considering
an energy-rate approach might give a better understanding of the interaction
of physiological and biomechanical parameters. Bremer (2003)
measured oxygen uptake, lactate accumulation and efficiency factors of
swimmers and reported that the propelling power of a person amounts
to 1800 Watts achieving a speed of approx 1.8 m/s but only 450 Watts
for cruising a speed of approx. 1.1 m/s. This demonstrates how closely
intensity and duration are related, and that speed training, requiring
high intensity, short duration and longer rest periods is just part of a
continuum of a “power field”.
The studies concerning importance of training volume were also
considered. Chartard (1999) reported that swimmers of squads with
training loads of 9 km/day do not race faster than squads with 5 km/d.
Furthermore those squads which did some seasons at 8 km/d and
changed to 5 km/d, increased speed in competition. Mujika, Chatard,
Busco, Geyssant, Barale, Lacoste (1995) were able to demonstrate that
a training regime at high mean intensity over a period of 6 weeks, characterized
by exhausting loads between 1 and 2 min accompanied by anaerobic
energy release between 60 % to 35 %, will result in a gain of 10